View source for Dieppe Raid

{{Short description|World War II battle on north coast of France}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Dieppe Raid
| partof            = the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image             = Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-362-2211-04, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, englischer Spähpanzer.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = An abandoned British [[Daimler Dingo]] on the beach
| date              = 19 August 1942
| place             = [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]], France
| coordinates       = {{coord|49.9333|N|1.0833|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}
| map_type          = France
| result            = German victory
| combatant1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|Canada|1921}}
* {{flag|Free France}}
* {{flag|United States}}
* {{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]]{{efn|Polish forces included the [[No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 302]], [[No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron|303]], [[No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron|306]], [[No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron|308]] and [[No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 317 Fighter Squadrons]] of the [[Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain|Polish Air Forces]] fighting with the RAF,<ref name="król">Król 1990, pp.&nbsp;95–96, 250.</ref> as well as the [[ORP Ślązak (L26)|ORP Ślązak]] destroyer<ref name="Ford-41"/>}}
* {{flagdeco|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak government in exile|Czechoslovakia]]{{efn|The Czechoslovak forces included the [[No. 310 Squadron RAF|No. 310]] and [[No. 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF|No. 312 Fighter Squadrons]] of the RAF}}
}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Louis Mountbatten]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[John Hamilton Roberts|John Roberts]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[John Hughes-Hallett]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]]
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Konrad Haase]]
}}
| strength1         = {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[2nd Canadian Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Division]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]]
* [[No. 3 Commando|3 Commando]]
* [[No. 4 Commando|4 Commando]]
* [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando|10 Commando]]
* [[No. 30 Commando|30 Commando]]{{efn|O'Keefe alternately states they were sent in as part of 40 Commando<ref name = OKeefe/> but 30 Commando/30AU was not formed until a month later and indications that it was involved may be erroneous<ref name=kingscollege/>}}
* [[40 Commando]]
'''{{navy|UK}}'''<br />
237 ships and landing craft including eight destroyers

'''{{air force|UK}}'''<br />
74 squadrons
<br />
<br />
{{circa|10,500}} men, including 50 [[United States Army Rangers|U.S. Army Rangers]] attached to [[No. 4 Commando|4 Commando]] and [[1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos|15 French Commando]] to [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando|10 Commando]]
| strength2         = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[302nd Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|302nd Static Division]]<br /><br /><br />≈1,500 men<br /><small>Does not include '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' and '''[[Kriegsmarine]]'''</small>
| casualties1       = '''Ground forces'''<br />'''Canada''':<br />907 killed <br />2,460 wounded<br /> 1,946 captured<ref name="Herd">Herd, Alex. [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dieppe-raid "Dieppe Raid']''Canadian Encyclopedia''.  Retrieved: 26 May 2021.</ref><br />'''United Kingdom''':<br />247 killed''' '''<br />'''United States''':<br />3 killed<br />5 wounded<br /> 3 captured<ref name="Defelice">Defelice, James. [https://www.historynet.com/first-blood-army-rangers-dieppe.htm "First Blood for the Army Rangers at Dieppe.']''history.net''.  Retrieved: 26 July 2019.</ref> <br /> '''Royal Navy'''<br />1 destroyer<br />33 landing craft<br />550 killed and wounded<br />'''Royal Air Force'''<br />64 [[Supermarine Spitfire]] fighters<br /> 20 [[Hawker Hurricane]] fighters<br /> 6 [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Douglas Boston]] bombers<br />10 [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang Mk 1]] fighters<br /> 62 killed 30 wounded 17 captured
| casualties2       = '''Germany'''<br />'''Wehrmacht''':<br />311 killed<br />280 wounded <br />'''Kriegsmarine'''<br /> 1 submarine chaser ''UJ-1404'' sunk<br /> '''Luftwaffe'''<br /> 23 [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190|Fw 190]]<br />25 [[Dornier Do 217]]
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}
}}

'''Operation Jubilee''' or the '''Dieppe Raid''' (19 August 1942) was a disastrous [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] amphibious attack on the German-occupied port of [[Dieppe]] in northern France, during the [[Second World War]]. Over 6,050 [[infantry]], predominantly Canadian, supported by a regiment of tanks, were put ashore from a naval force operating under the protection of [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) fighters.

The port was to be captured and held for a short period, to test the feasibility of a landing and to gather intelligence. German coastal defences, port structures and important buildings were to be demolished. The raid was intended to boost Allied morale, demonstrate the commitment of the [[United Kingdom]] to re-open the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] and support the [[Soviet Union]], fighting on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].

The {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} made a maximum effort against the landing as the RAF had expected, and the RAF lost 106 aircraft (at least 32 to anti-aircraft fire or accidents) against 48 German losses. The Royal Navy lost 33 [[landing craft]] and a destroyer. Aerial and naval support was insufficient to enable the ground forces to achieve their objectives. The tanks were trapped on the beach and the infantry was largely prevented from entering the town by obstacles and German fire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tunzelmann|first=Alex Von|title=Indian Summer|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4711-6644-0|location=India|page=118}}</ref>

After less than six hours, mounting casualties forced a retreat. Within ten hours, 3,623 of the 6,086 men who landed had been killed, wounded, or [[prisoner of war|taken prisoner]]. 5,000 were Canadians, who suffered a 68% casualty rate, with 3,367 killed, wounded or taken prisoner. The operation was a fiasco in which only one landing force temporarily achieved its objective, and a small amount of [[military intelligence]] was gathered.

Both sides learnt important lessons regarding coastal assaults. The Allies learnt lessons that influenced the success of the [[D-Day]] landings. Artificial harbours were declared crucial, tanks were adapted specifically for beaches, a new integrated tactical air force strengthened ground support, and capturing a major port at the outset was no longer seen as a priority. Churchill and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] both claimed that these lessons had outweighed the cost. The Germans also believed that Dieppe was a learning experience and made a considerable effort to improve the way they defended the occupied coastlines of Europe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shelley |first1=James |title=Dieppe: a German Learning Experience |url=https://media.kcl.ac.uk/media/DieppeA+a+German+Learning+Experience+-+James+Shelley/0_5xy8x0xo |website=media.kcl.ac.uk |publisher=King's College London |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

==Background==

===Dunkirk to Dieppe===
In the aftermath of the [[Dunkirk evacuation]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] in May 1940, the British started on the development of a substantial raiding force under the umbrella of [[Combined Operations Headquarters]]. This was accompanied by the development of techniques and equipment for [[amphibious warfare]]. In late 1941, a scheme was put forward for the landing of 12 [[Division (military)|divisions]] around [[Le Havre]], assuming a withdrawal of German troops to counter Soviet success in the east. From this came Operation Rutter to test the feasibility of capturing a port by an opposed landing, the investigation of the problems of operating the invasion fleet and testing equipment and techniques of the assault.<ref>Buckingham 2004, p. 15.</ref>

After its victory in the [[Battle of Britain]] in 1940 and the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} having switched to night bombing in the autumn of 1940, the day fighters of [[Royal Air Force]] [[RAF Fighter Command|Fighter Command]] were "a force without an immediate mission".<ref name="Copp pages 6-9">Copp, Terry. "The Air over Dieppe." ''Legion'', June 1996, p. 6.</ref> Without anything else to do, the day fighters of RAF Fighter Command were in the spring of 1941 deployed on a series of search-and-destroy missions of flying over France to engage the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} in combat. In the second half of 1941, the aerial offensive over France was greatly stepped up, leading to the loss of 411 British and Canadian aircraft.<ref name="Copp pages 6-9"/> In the spring of 1942, the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} deployed the new [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] fighter to its airfields in France.<ref name="ReferenceA">Copp, Terry. "The Air over Dieppe." ''Legion'', June 1996, p. 7.</ref>

The Fw 190 was superior to the [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mk V and [[Hawker Hurricane]] Mk IIs used by the British and Canadian pilots and losses over France increased.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The RAF was convinced it was winning the air war, believing that the loss of 259 Spitfires over France in the first six months of 1942 were justified by the reported destruction of 197 German aircraft in the same period. A major problem for the RAF was that the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} German fighter pilots declined to engage in combat over the French coast and instead operated inland, forcing the British Spitfires to fly deeper into France, using up their fuel, placing them at a disadvantage when the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} engaged, and, critically, if RAF pilots had to bail out they would be in enemy occupied territory, i.e. RAF Fighter command was now operating with all the disadvantages the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} had to contend with in the Battle of Britain. Thanks to intelligence provided by [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]], the British knew that if any Allied force attempted to seize a port in France, the Germans would assume it to be the beginning of an invasion and thus the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} was to mount a maximum effort. Fighter Command lobbied in early 1942, for a raid to seize a French port to provoke the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} into action with the RAF at an advantage.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Dieppe===
Dieppe, a coastal town in the [[Seine-Inférieure]] [[Departments of France|department]] of France, is built along a long cliff that overlooks the [[English Channel]]. The river [[Scie (river)|Scie]] is on the western end of the town and the [[Arques (river)|Arques]] flows through the town and into a medium-sized harbour. In 1942, the Germans had demolished some seafront buildings to aid in coastal defence and had set up two large artillery batteries at [[Berneval-le-Grand]] and [[Varengeville-sur-Mer]]. One important consideration for the planners was that Dieppe was within range of the RAF's fighter aircraft.<ref name=juno>[http://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-wwii/articles/the-dieppe-raid/ "Dieppe raid."] ''Juno Beach Centre''. Retrieved: 23 March 2016.</ref>

There was also intense pressure from the Soviet government to open a second front in [[Western Europe]]. By early 1942, the Wehrmacht's [[Operation Barbarossa]] had clearly failed to destroy the Soviet Union. However, the Germans in a much less ambitious [[Case Blue|summer offensive]] launched in June, were deep into southern Soviet territory, pushing toward [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]]. [[Joseph Stalin]] himself repeatedly demanded that the Allies create a second front in France to force the Germans to move at least 40 divisions away from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] to remove some of the pressure put on the [[Red Army]] in the Soviet Union.<ref>Whitaker 1992, p. 29.</ref>

The proposed Allied invasion of continental Europe in 1943, [[Operation Roundup (1942)|Operation Roundup]], was considered impractical by military planners, and the alternative of landing in 1942, [[Operation Sledgehammer]], even more difficult. The British had been engaged with the Italians and the Germans in the [[Western Desert campaign]] since June 1940. At the [[Second Washington Conference]] in June 1942, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] decided to postpone the cross-English Channel invasion and schedule [[Operation Torch]], the Anglo-American invasion of [[French North Africa]], for later that year. In the interim, a large-scale Canadian-led raid on the French coast was intended to take some of the pressure off the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Normandy Landings, Operations Overlord and Neptune|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsNormandy.htm|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.naval-history.net}}</ref>

The objective of the raid was discussed by Winston Churchill in his war memoirs:<ref name="Churchill 1950, pp. 509-510">Churchill 1950, pp.&nbsp;509–510.</ref>

{{blockquote|I thought it most important that a large-scale operation should take place this summer, and military opinion seemed unanimous that until an operation on that scale was undertaken, no responsible general would take the responsibility of planning the main invasion&nbsp;...In discussion with [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Admiral Mountbatten]] it became clear that time did not permit a new large-scale operation to be mounted during the summer ''(after Rutter had been cancelled)'', but that Dieppe could be remounted (with the new code-name "Jubilee") within a month, provided extraordinary steps were taken to ensure secrecy.  For this reason, no records were kept but, after the Canadian authorities and the Chiefs of Staff had given their approval, I personally went through the plans with the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff|C.I.G.S.]], Admiral Mountbatten, and the Naval Force Commander, Captain J. Hughes-Hallett.}}

=== Role of Louis Mountbatten ===
On the directive of Winston Churchill, Louis Mountbatten was recalled from captaincy of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}} while it was under repair in the US in 1941{{efn|Mountbatten had been posted early to the ship, which was not expected to be back in service until November, so he could tour the states meeting influential members of press, military and the administration{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |pp=148–150 }}  }} and instated as adviser on combined operations of the British Army (replacing Admiral [[Roger Keyes]]{{efn|Keyes was a veteran of First World War amphibious raids including the Gallipoli campaign and [[Zeebrugge raid]]}} who as director of combined operations had fallen out with the chiefs of staff and Churchill{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |p=155}}), later to be promoted to the post of chief of combined operations on 4 March 1942. Churchill personally briefed Mountbatten that he wanted raids of increasing intensity, developing equipment and training with a view to the invasion of France; the chiefs of staff directive limited Mountbatten's authority to approving only small raids, through using special service troops. He held a dual role as adviser to the chiefs of staff and commodore combined operations, handling the administration of both small raids and larger operations.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |pp=156, 160}} In 1942 Mountbatten was raised by Churchill as a full member of meetings of the chiefs of staff with acting rank of vice-admiral, air marshal and lieutenant general.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |pp=168–169}} In May 1942 it was agreed that Combined Operations HQ would handle detailed planning of the Dieppe raid.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

COHQ proposed flanking landings that would take Dieppe in a pincer movement, but Home Forces argued for a frontal attack as, within the 15-hour window of the raid, the flank attacks would not have enough time to achieve success. At meetings Mountbatten argued that it was sufficient for the raid to show that the tactics would have worked, Montgomery countered that if the raid did not take Dieppe it would be seen as a failure.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |pp=187–188}} An initial heavy bombardment from the air was approved (despite concerns about civilian casualties) then rescinded due to army opinion that wreckage would block streets for the tanks and RAF belief that most of the bombs would end up in the sea or inland. Mountbatten pressed for the firepower of a battleship for bombardment in lieu of bombing but neither this nor cruisers was permitted. Equally, Combined Operations' proposed assault force of marines and commandos was passed over in favour of untried Canadian troops.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |pp=199–189}}

Mountbatten was well known for his chivalry and charming abilities; however, he lacked experience in terms of actual warfare.{{efn|Mountbatten had served in the Royal Navy since 1916}} Even before taking up this role, Mountbatten had faced a rough patch at sea captaining the British Navy's {{HMS|Kelly|F01|6}} as commander of the [[5th Destroyer Flotilla]], where his performance was so below par that [[Denis Healey]]{{snd}} who was secretary of state for defence when Mountbatten was [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the defence staff]] in the 1960s{{snd}} remarked, "but his birth saved him from the court martial any other officer would have faced".<ref>{{Cite book|first=Denis |last=Healy|title=The Time of My Life|page=259}}</ref>

Despite his shortcomings, Mountbatten played an important role in the planning of the whole operation. The Dieppe raid was intended as an experiment and was initially planned to take place at the end of June 1942. Preparations were in full swing with two rehearsals taking place in [[Bridport]] on 13 and 23 June; the second due to the debacle that the first rehearsal had turned into.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |p=190}} However, bad weather delayed the operation by three weeks and two vessels that were to be used had been put out of action by bombs.{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |p=190}} This made the chiefs of staff uneasy thinking that the Germans would have found out about the attack by then as the plan was no longer a secret to the more than 10,000 Allied troops who had been informed of it. On 8 July, General [[Bernard Montgomery]] recommended calling off the attack altogether, and the idea would probably have been shelved had it not been for Mountbatten's proposal to relaunch the operation six weeks later, still aiming at Dieppe. His argument was that although the enemy must have found out that Dieppe had been the original target, "the very last thing they'd (Germans) ever imagine is that we would be so stupid as to lay on the same operation again".{{sfn|Ziegler|1985 |p=190}}

Mountbatten's hubristic approach convinced the generals to go ahead with the plan, which ultimately turned out to be catastrophic. Although Churchill, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and Mountbatten collectively staved off any blame for the outcome, Mountbatten bore the brunt of it. Mountbatten was reluctant to accept the blame and shifted it to peripheral reasons by passing apologetic and sometimes insensitive remarks.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Operation Rutter===
Operation Rutter was devised to satisfy several objectives, as a show of support for the [[Soviet Union]], to provide an opportunity for the Canadian forces in Britain to engage the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] and as a morale booster for the British public, among whom were vociferous supporters of a second front to give tangible support to the Red Army.

At the time, the military thought that when the real invasion of Europe began, it would be important to quickly capture a port before the Germans could demolish the facilities or re-capture it by a counter-attack. The extent of the [[Atlantic Wall|German fortification of French ports]] was uncertain and how organised an [[amphibious attack]] could be after a Channel crossing and how a surprise element could be achieved was also in doubt. Rutter was devised to provide the experience that would be needed later in the war.

Rutter was a combined operation, involving heavy bombers of [[RAF Bomber Command]] and the heavy ships of the [[Royal Navy]] to bombard German defences overlooking the beaches; parachute and glider troops would silence German heavy artillery commanding the approaches to the port. The main force of infantry and tanks would land and advance through the port to the outskirts and dig in to resist counter-attacks until it was time to withdraw and re-embark in their landing craft.

The [[2nd Canadian Infantry Division]] was chosen for the operation and given three months' specialist training in amphibious operations up to July. The Canadians assembled at embarkation ports and went aboard their ships, where the target was revealed. German aircraft spotting and bombing the assembled ships<ref name="leasor1"/>{{page needed|date=August 2022}} and inclement weather forced a delay in sailing and on 7 July, Rutter was cancelled and the troops disembarked.{{sfn|Christie|2000|pp=6–7}}<ref name=bbcdieppe>Julian Thompson: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dieppe_raid_01.shtml ''The Dieppe Raid.''] ''[[BBC]] (World Wars in Depth series),'' 6 June 2010.</ref><ref name=comb>[http://www.combinedops.com/Dieppe.htm "Operation Jubilee."] ''Combined Operations'', 7 June 2010.</ref>

==Prelude==

===Operation Jubilee===

{{Further|Operation Jubilee order of battle}}

[[File:Cartenormandie2.PNG|thumb|{{centre|Dieppe is in the {{lang|fr|département}} of [[Seine-Maritime]], in Normandy}}]]
[[File:Dieppe 18 June 1945 RG373 AERIALFILM A6720 DN5852 OBL 067 01.jpg|thumb|Oblique aerial photograph of Dieppe taken in June, 1945, showing the Red beach.]]
The Dieppe landings were planned on six beaches: four in front of the town itself, and two to the eastern and western flanks respectively.  From east to west, the beaches were codenamed Yellow, Blue, Red, White, Green and Orange. No.&nbsp;3 Commando would land on Yellow beach, the [[Royal Regiment of Canada]] on Blue. The main landings would take place on Red and White beaches by [[the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry]], [[the Essex Scottish Regiment]], [[Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal]], [[A Commando Royal Marines]] and the armour. [[The South Saskatchewan Regiment]] and [[the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada]] would land on Green Beach,<ref name= bbcdieppe/> and No.&nbsp;4 Commando on Orange.

Armoured support was provided by the [[The King's Own Calgary Regiment|14th Army Tank Regiment (The Calgary Regiment (Tank))]] with 58 of the newly introduced [[Churchill tank]]s in their first use in combat, to be delivered using the new [[landing craft tank]] (LCT).<ref>Henry 1993, p. 6.</ref> The Churchills, [[Deep wading|adapted to operate in the shallows]] near the beach, were a mix of types; some armed with a [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder|QF 2-pdr (40 mm) gun]] in the turret and a [[Ordnance QF 3-inch howitzer|close support 3-inch howitzer]] in the hull, some had the [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder |QF 6-pdr (57 mm)]], and three Churchills were equipped with [[Flame tank|flame-throwers]]. Engineers would use explosives to remove obstacles for the tanks.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Naval support===
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War- the Dieppe Raid, August 1942 A11228.jpg|thumb|right| [[LCM 1|Landing Craft Mechanised Mark 1]] returning from the beaches during the raid]]
The Royal Navy supplied 237 ships and landing craft. However, pre-landing naval gunfire support was limited, consisting of six [[Hunt-class destroyer]]s each with four or six {{convert|4|inch|0|adj=on}} guns. This was because of the reluctance of [[First Sea Lord]] [[Sir Dudley Pound]] to risk [[capital ship]]s in an area he believed vulnerable to attacks by German aircraft.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 24.</ref> Mountbatten asked Pound to send a battleship in to provide fire support for the Dieppe raid but Pound was mindful that Japanese aircraft had [[Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|sunk]] the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} and the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} off Malaya in December 1941.  Pound would not risk sending capital ships into waters where the Allies did not have [[air supremacy]].<ref name=Copp200434>Copp 2004, p. 34.</ref>

===Air plan===

====Fighter Command====

{{further|RAF Fighter Command#1942–45|l1=Fighter Command 1942–45|Circus offensive}}

Over the past eighteen months of inconclusive [[Attrition warfare|attritional]] engagements, Fighter Command had established a measure of air superiority within range of its fighters. Day incursions into British airspace had dwindled to the occasional pair of German fighter bombers racing across the Channel, dropping their bombs and racing back. At 06:15 on 7 July, two ships in the [[The Solent|Solent]], with troops for Rutter on board, were hit but the bombs failed to explode and passed through their hulls, causing only four casualties. German photographic reconnaissance was much more difficult, because adequate results required the aircraft to fly a set course and height. Repeat sorties once or twice a week were ideal for comparative analysis of photographs but the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} could manage only one set of pictures a month.  A partial reconnaissance was obtained from 28 to 31 July, after Rutter had been cancelled and not again until 24 August, five days after Jubilee.{{sfn|Greenhous|1994|pp=232–3}} The air plan was to exploit the raid to force the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} to fight on British terms and suffer a serious defeat; Air Vice-Marshal [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]], the commander of [[No. 11 Group RAF|11 Group]] Fighter Command was to command the air effort, for which 56 fighter squadrons, comprising Spitfire fighters, Hurricane fighter-bombers and Typhoon low-level interceptors.{{efn|The Hurricanes were a mix of "Cannon-armed" Hurricane IIC and bomb carrying Hurricanes <!-- C for cannon but IIB is 12 mg version --> }} Four [[North American P-51 Mustang|Mustang Mk I]] squadrons of [[RAF Army Cooperation Command|Army Cooperation Command]] were provided for long-range reconnaissance and a contingent of five bomber squadrons were to participate for smoke laying and tactical bombing. The landings could be expected to prompt a maximum effort by the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} in Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with about 250 fighters and 220 bombers.{{sfn|Richards|Saunders|1975|pp=143–4}}

Leigh-Mallory controlled the air battle from 11 Group headquarters at [[RAF Uxbridge]]; commands flowing [[Dowding system|through the system as normal]] to Sector control rooms and from there to the airfields.<ref name= "Leigh-Mallory p61">Leigh-Mallory p. 61</ref> An RAF officer from Hut 3 at Bletchley Park was seconded to the 11 Group Operations Room to filter material to the [[Y-stations]] at [[Woodhead Hall|RAF Cheadle]] and [[RAF Kingsdown]] which intercepted [[Wireless telegraphy]] (W/T) and [[Radiotelephone|Radio telephony]] (R/T) transmissions and used [[direction finding]] to pinpoint the origin of the signals. The intention was to reduce the time to pass decryptions of material from German radar, observer posts and fighter control to 11 Group through "the most expert officer in Y on German Fighter Defence and its ramifications".{{sfn|Macksey|2004|p=151}} The Fighter Controllers on the [[Headquarters ship]] {{HMS|Calpe|L71|6}} and {{HMS|Berkeley|L17|2}} could communicate with the raid fighter cover on a shared frequency. The "Close Support" fighters checked in with the headquarters ship as they approached so the Fighter Controller could direct them onto alternative targets as required.<ref name="Leigh-Mallory p61"/>

The moving of squadrons within 11 Group and reinforcement with 15 squadrons from outside 11 Group were carried out 14–15 August under the guise of "Exercise Venom".<ref>Leigh-Mallory "After Action Report", ¶ 7, 69</ref>

====2 Group====

{{further|No. 2 Group RAF}}
On 29 June, [[No. 2 Group RAF|2 Group]], Bomber Command, was ordered to send sixteen [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Douglas Bostons]] each from [[No. 88 Squadron RAF|88 Squadron]] and [[No. 107 Squadron RAF|107 Squadron]] from their [[East Anglia]]n bases to [[RAF Ford]] in West Sussex; [[No. 226 Squadron RAF|226 Squadron]], with its long range Bostons, was to stand by at its base for Operation Rutter. From 4 July, aircraft were to be maintained at thirty minutes readiness to fly [[Glossary of RAF code names|Circus]] operations against German road transport and any tanks that appeared.  For speed the crews were briefed in advance and were to have a final briefing at their airfield dispersals just before take-off. The operation was cancelled after two assault ships were bombed by the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}}. On 14 August, 2 Group was notified that the raid on Dieppe was back on as Operation Jubilee. The move to RAF Ford was retained but 226 Squadron was to fly from [[RAF Thruxton]] in Hampshire to lay smoke screens to obstruct German gunners on the high ground around Dieppe. No. 226 Squadron, joined by four crews from the other squadrons, began training at Thruxton on smoke munitions, {{cvt|100|lb|kg}} smoke bombs and [[Smoke Curtain Installation]]s, carried in the bomb bays of some of the Bostons, which were to take off before dawn and operate without fighter escort.{{sfn|Bowyer|1979|pp=248–249}}

===Intelligence===
Intelligence on the area was sparse: there were dug-in German gun positions on the cliffs, but these had not been detected or spotted by air reconnaissance photographers. The planners had assessed the beach gradient and its suitability for tanks only by scanning holiday snapshots, which led to an underestimation of the German strength and of the terrain.<ref name=bbcdieppe/>  The outline plan for the abortive Operation Rutter (which became the basis for Operation Jubilee) stated that "intelligence reports indicate that Dieppe is not heavily defended and that the beaches in the vicinity are suitable for landing infantry, and armoured fighting vehicles at some".<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 23.</ref>

===German forces===

====Army====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1213-34, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, deutsche MG-Stellung.jpg|thumb|A German [[MG34]] medium machine gun emplacement]]
The Germans were aware that the Allies might launch a large-scale amphibious operation some time in summer 1942. In July, [[OB West|Supreme Commander in the West]] Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt wrote an assessment which concluded that paratroops were to be expected, as well as a large Allied fighter and bomber force. Rundstedt wrote that "at the point of landing, the enemy will win command of the air. He will then use the bulk of his air forces against defences on the ground…  The enemy – in order to achieve an attack en masse – will use all the aircraft he has, even slower types".<ref>Shelley 2021, pp. 4–6.</ref>

In August, German forces at Dieppe were on high alert, having been warned by French [[double agent]]s that the British were showing interest in the area.  They had also detected increased radio traffic and landing craft being concentrated in the southern British coastal ports.<ref name=bbcdieppe/> Dieppe and the flanking cliffs were well defended; the 1,500-strong garrison from the [[302nd Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|302nd Static Infantry Division]] comprised the Infantry Regiments 570, 571 and 572, each of two battalions, the 302nd Artillery Regiment, the 302nd Reconnaissance Battalion, the 302nd Anti-tank Battalion, the 302nd Engineer Battalion and 302nd Signal Battalion. They were deployed along the beaches of Dieppe and the neighbouring towns, covering all the likely landing places.  The city and port were protected by heavy artillery on the main approach (particularly in the myriad cliff caves) and with a [[Military reserve|reserve]] at the rear. The defenders were stationed in the towns and in intervening open areas and highlands that overlooked the beaches.  Elements of the 571st Infantry Regiment defended the Dieppe [[Radar|radar station]] near Pourville and the artillery battery over the Scie river at Varengeville. To the east, the Infantry Regiment 570 was deployed near the artillery battery at Berneval-le-Grand.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===={{lang|de|Luftwaffe}}====

The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} fighter force comprised ''[[Jagdgeschwader 2]]'' (JG2) and ''[[Jagdgeschwader 26]]'' (JG26), with about 120 serviceable fighters, mostly Fw 190s to oppose the landings and escort around 100 serviceable bombers of ''[[Kampfgeschwader 2]]'' and the specialist anti-shipping bombers of III./''[[Kampfgeschwader 53]]'' (KG 53), II./''[[Kampfgeschwader 40]]'' (KG 40) and I./[[Kampfgeschwader 77]] (KG 77) mostly equipped with [[Dornier Do 217|Dornier 217s]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Battle==

On the night of 18/19 August, RAF Coastal Command carried out anti-surface vessel patrols of the coast from Boulogne to Cherbourg; after sunrise the patrols were carried out by fighters. The Allied fleet left the south coast of [[England]] during the night, preceded by [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]] from [[Port of Newhaven|Newhaven]] clearing paths through the English Channel, followed by the flotilla of eight destroyers and accompanying [[Motor Gun Boat]]s escorting the landing craft and [[Motor launch (naval)|Motor Launch]]es.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Initial landings===
The initial landings began at 04:50 on 19 August, with attacks on the artillery batteries on the flanks of the main landing area. These were [[Varengeville]] – [[Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer]] (known as Orange Beach) by No. 4 Commando, [[Pourville]] (Green Beach) by the South Saskatchewan Regiment and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, Puys (Blue Beach) by the Royal Regiment of Canada, and Berneval (Yellow Beach) by No. 3 Commando. On their way in, the landing craft and escorts heading towards Puys and Berneval ran into and exchanged fire with a small German convoy at 03:48.<ref name=bbcdieppe/> The Allied destroyers {{HMS|Brocklesby|L42|6}} and [[ORP Ślązak (L26)|ORP ''Ślązak'']] noticed the engagement, but their commanders incorrectly assumed that the landing craft had come under fire from the shore batteries and did not come to their rescue.<ref name="Ford-41">Ford 2004, p. 41.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Yellow beach===

{{main|No. 3 Commando#Dieppe|l1=No. 3 Commando, Dieppe}}

[[File:No. 3 Commando men after Dieppe raid.jpg|thumb|alt=nine British soldiers and one sailor on a small boat at sea. A Union Jack flies from a mast at the rear. | Unlike [[No. 4 Commando]], [[No. 3 Commando|No. 3]] wore steel helmets during the raid]]
The mission for [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[John Durnford-Slater]] and No.&nbsp;3 Commando was to conduct two landings {{cvt|8|mi}} east of Dieppe to silence the coastal battery ''Goebbels'' near Berneval. The battery could fire upon the landing at Dieppe {{cvt|4|mi}} to the west. The three {{cvt|170|mm}} and four {{cvt|105|mm}} guns of ''2/770 Batterie'' had to be out of action by the time the main force approached the main beach.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The craft carrying No.&nbsp;3 Commando, approaching the coast to the east, were not warned of the approach of a German coastal [[convoy]] that had been located by British "[[Chain Home]]" radar stations at 21:30. German [[E-boat|S-boats]] escorting a German tanker [[torpedo]]ed some of the LCP landing craft and disabled the escorting [[Steam Gun Boat]] 5. Subsequently, ML 346 (commanded by Lt. A.D. Fear RNVR DSC) and [[Landing Craft#Landing Craft Flak|Landing Craft Flak]] 1 combined to drive off the German boats but the group was dispersed, with some losses. The commandos from six craft who did land on Yellow I were beaten back and, unable to safely retreat or join the main force, had to surrender. Only 18 commandos (commanded by Major [[Peter Young (historian)]]) got ashore on Yellow II beach. They reached the perimeter of the battery via Berneval, after it was attacked by Hurricane fighter-bombers, engaging their target with small arms fire. Although unable to destroy the guns, their sniping for a time managed to distract the battery to such good effect that the gunners fired wildly and there was no known instance of this battery sinking any of the assault convoy ships off Dieppe. The commandos were eventually forced to withdraw in the face of superior enemy forces (aboard ML346), and was effected with such haste that Major Young was unable to board the ship: he was towed part of the way to port, in the water, clinging to a line tied to ML 346's stern.<ref name=bbcdieppe/><ref>[http://www.warfaremagazine.co.uk/articles/dieppe-operation-jubilee/61 "Dieppe – Operation Jubilee"] ''Warfare Magazine''</ref>

===Orange beach===

{{main|No. 4 Commando#Dieppe Raid|l1=No. 4 Commando, Dieppe}}

The mission for Lieutenant Colonel [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]] and No.&nbsp;4 Commando (including 50 [[United States Army Rangers]]) was to conduct two landings {{cvt|6|mi|km}} west of Dieppe to neutralise the coastal battery {{lang|de|Hess}} at Blancmesnil-Sainte-Marguerite near Varengeville. Landing on the right flank in force at 04:50, they climbed the steep slope and attacked and neutralised their target, the artillery battery of six 150&nbsp;mm guns. This was the only success of Operation Jubilee.<ref name=bbcdieppe/>  The commando then withdrew at 07:30 as planned.<ref name=juno/> Most of No.&nbsp;4 safely returned to England. This portion of the raid was considered a model for future amphibious Royal Marine Commando assaults as part of major landing operations. Lord Lovat was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for his part in the raid and Captain [[Patrick Porteous]] No.&nbsp;4 Commando, was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35729 |supp=y|page=4328|date=2 October 1942}}</ref><ref name=GazetteVCs>{{London Gazette|issue=35729 |supp=y|pages=4323–4324|date=2 October 1942}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35730 |supp=y|page=4339|date=2 October 1942}}</ref><ref>Dunning 2003, pp. 65–87.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Blue beach===

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1230-13, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, tote alliierte Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Canadian dead on Blue beach at Puys.]]
The naval engagement between the small German convoy and the craft carrying No.&nbsp;3 Commando had alerted the German defenders at Blue beach. The landing near Puys by the Royal Regiment of Canada plus three platoons from the [[The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada|Black Watch of Canada]] and an artillery detachment were tasked to neutralise machine gun and artillery batteries protecting this Dieppe beach.
They were delayed by 20 minutes and the smoke screens that should have hidden their assault had already lifted. The advantages of surprise and darkness were thus lost, while the Germans had manned their defensive positions in preparation for the landings. The well-fortified German forces held the Canadian forces that did land on the beach. As soon as they reached the shore, the Canadians found themselves pinned against the seawall, unable to advance. With a German bunker placed to sweep along the back of the seawall, the Royal Regiment of Canada was annihilated. Of the 556 men in the regiment, 200 were killed and 264 captured.<ref name=juno/>

===Green Beach===

On Green beach at the same time that No.&nbsp;4 Commando had landed at Orange Beach, the [[South Saskatchewan Regiment]]'s 1st Battalion was headed towards Pourville. They beached at 04:52, without having been detected. The battalion managed to leave their landing craft before the Germans could open fire. However, on the way in, some of the landing craft had drifted off course and most of the battalion found themselves west of the River Scie rather than east of it. Because they had been landed in the wrong place, the battalion, whose objective was the hills east of the village and the Hindenburg Battery artillery, had to enter Pourville to cross the river by the only bridge.<ref name=juno/> Before the Saskatchewans managed to reach the bridge, the Germans had positioned machine guns and anti-tank guns there which stopped their advance. With the battalion's dead and wounded piling up on the bridge, Lieutenant Colonel [[Charles Merritt]], the commanding officer, attempted to give the attack impetus by repeatedly and openly crossing the bridge, in order to demonstrate that it was feasible to do so.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 141.</ref> However, despite the assault resuming, the South Saskatchewans and the [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada]], who had landed beside them, were unable to reach their target.<ref name=juno/> While the Camerons did manage to penetrate further inland than any other troops that day, they were also soon forced back as German reinforcements rushed to the scene.<ref name=bbcdieppe/> Both battalions suffered more losses as they withdrew; only 341 men were able to reach the landing craft and embark, and the rest were left to surrender. For his part in the battle, Lieutenant Colonel Merritt was awarded the Victoria Cross.<ref name=GazetteVCs />
{{Clear}}

====Pourville radar station====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1229-12, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, tote alliierte Soldaten.jpg|thumb|alt=burning ship at sea with smoke billowing up, at least 20 to 30 dead lying on the beach|Landing craft on fire, Canadian dead in the foreground. A concrete gun emplacement on the right covers the beach; the steep gradient can clearly be seen.]]
One of the objectives of the Dieppe Raid was to discover the importance and performance of a German radar station on the cliff-top to the east of the town of Pourville. To achieve this, RAF [[Flight Sergeant]] [[Jack Nissenthall]], a radar specialist, was attached to the South Saskatchewan Regiment landing at Green Beach. He was to attempt to enter the radar station and learn its secrets, accompanied by a small unit of 11 men of the Saskatchewans as bodyguards. Nissenthall volunteered for the mission fully aware that, due to the highly sensitive nature of his knowledge of Allied radar technology, his Saskatchewan bodyguard unit was under orders to kill him to prevent him from being captured. He also carried a [[suicide pill|cyanide pill]] as a last resort.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 136.</ref>

After the war, Lord Mountbatten said to author [[James Leasor]], when being interviewed during research for the book ''Green Beach'', that "If I had been aware of the orders given to the escort to shoot him rather than let him be captured, I would have cancelled them immediately". Nissenthall and his bodyguards failed to overcome the radar station defences but Nissenthall was able to crawl up to the rear of the station under enemy fire and cut all telephone wires leading to it. The operators inside resorted to radio to talk to their commanders which was intercepted by listening posts on the south coast of England. The Allies were able to learn a great deal about the improved accuracy, location, capacity and density of German radar stations along the Channel coast which helped to convince Allied commanders of the importance of developing radar jamming technology. Only Nissenthall and one South Saskatchewan of the party returned to England.<ref name="leasor1">Leasor, James. [http://www.jamesleasor.com/green-beach/ ''Green Beach''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142049/http://www.jamesleasor.com/green-beach/ |date=26 November 2011 }} London: William Heinemann Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-908291-10-3}}.{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref>Goldstein, Ron. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/44/a2665244.shtml "Jack Nissenthall: The VC Hero Who Never Was (Part 1a)."] ''BBC'' (WW2 People's War), 2004. Retrieved: 30 April 2009.</ref>

===Main Canadian landings===
====Red and White Beaches====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1205-14, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, alliierte Soldaten.jpg|thumb|alt=|Canadian wounded and abandoned [[Churchill tank]]s after the raid. A landing craft is on fire in the background.]]
Preparing the ground for the main landings, four destroyers were bombarding the coast as landing craft approached. At 05:15, they were joined by five RAF Hurricane squadrons who bombed the coastal defences and set a smokescreen to protect the assault troops. Between 03:30, and 03:40, 30 minutes after the initial landings, the main frontal assault by The Essex Scottish Regiment and the [[Royal Hamilton Light Infantry]] started. Their infantry was meant to be supported by Churchill tanks of the 14th Army Tank Regiment landing at the same time, but the tanks arrived on the beach late. As a result, the two infantry battalions had to attack without armour support. They were met with heavy machine-gun fire from [[Machine gun nest|emplacements]] dug into the overlooking cliffs. Unable to clear the obstacles and scale the seawall, they suffered heavy losses.<ref name=bbcdieppe/> Captain [[Denis Whitaker]] of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry recalled a scene of absolute carnage and confusion, with soldiers being cut down by German fire all along the sea wall while his commanding officer, Colonel Bob Labatt, desperately tried to use a broken radio to contact General Roberts while ignoring his men.<ref>Kelly, Arthur. [http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/arthur-kelly-on-dieppe-a-battle-doomed-to-fail-for-all-the-wrong-reasons "A battle doomed to fail for all the wrong reasons."]''The National Post'', 17 August 2012. Retrieved: 5 January 2016.</ref> When the tanks eventually arrived only 29 were landed. Two of those sank in deep water, and 12 more became bogged down in the soft [[shingle beach]]. Only 15 of the tanks made it up to and across the seawall. Once they crossed the seawall, they were confronted by a series of tank obstacles that prevented their entry into the town. Blocked from going further, they were forced to return to the beach where they provided fire support for the now retreating infantry. None of the tanks managed to return to England. All the crews that landed were either killed or captured.<ref name=juno/>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-362-2211-12, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, englische Panzer.jpg|thumb|alt=three abandoned armoured vehicles|[[Daimler Dingo]] armoured car and two [[Churchill tank]]s bogged down on the shingle beach. The nearer Churchill tank has a flame thrower mounted in the hull, and the rear tank has lost a track. Both have attachments to heighten their exhausts for wading through the surf.]]
Unaware of the situation on the beaches because of a smoke screen laid by the supporting destroyers, Major General Roberts sent in the two reserve units: the [[Fusiliers Mont-Royal]] and the [[Royal Marines]]. At 07:00, the Fusiliers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Dollard Ménard]] in 26 landing craft sailed towards their beach. They were heavily engaged by the Germans, who hit them with heavy machine gun, mortar and grenade fire, and destroyed them; only a few men managed to reach the town.<ref name=juno/> Those men were then sent in towards the centre of Dieppe and became pinned down under the cliffs and Roberts ordered the Royal Marines to land in order to support them. Not being prepared to support the Fusiliers, the Royal Marines had to transfer from their gunboats and motorboat transports onto landing craft. The Royal Marine landing craft were heavily engaged on their way in with many destroyed or disabled. Those Royal Marines that did reach the shore were either killed or captured. As he became aware of the situation the Royal Marine commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Phillipps, stood upon the stern of his landing craft and signalled for the rest of his men to turn back. He was killed a few moments later.<ref name=bbcdieppe/>

During the raid, a mortar platoon from the [[Calgary Highlanders]], commanded by Lieutenant F. J. Reynolds, was attached to the landing force but stayed offshore after the tanks on board (code-named ''Bert'' and ''Bill'') landed.<ref>[http://www.calgaryhighlanders.com/history/dieppe.htm "Mortar platoon."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215212650/http://www.calgaryhighlanders.com/history/dieppe.htm |date=15 December 2005 }} ''calgaryhighlanders.com''. Retrieved: 8 April 2010.</ref>  Sergeants Lyster and Pittaway were [[Mentioned in Despatches]] for their part in shooting down two German aircraft and one officer of the battalion was killed while ashore with a brigade headquarters.<ref>[http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galwardieppe/highland.html "Lyster and Pittaway."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231011744/http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galwardieppe/highland.html |date=2010-12-31 }} ''Harry Palmer Gallery''. Retrieved: 8 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{cwgc|id=2146695|name=Insinger, Theodor Marie}}</ref>

At 09:40, under heavy fire, the withdrawal from the main landing beaches began and was completed by 14:00.<ref name=bbcdieppe/>

===Air operations===

At 04:16 six [[Douglas Boston|Bostons]] attacked German coastal artillery in the twilight which led to the results not being observed. Soon afterwards 14 Bostons flew to Dieppe to drop smoke bombs around the German guns on the eastern heights, bombing the {{lang|de|Bismarck}} batteries between 05:09 and 05:44 with a hundred and fifty {{cvt|100|lb|kg}} smoke bombs at {{cvt|50|–|70|ft|m}}, flying through a storm of anti-aircraft fire. A smoke screen {{cvt|800|–|1000|yd|m}} drifted {{cvt|4|–|5|mi|km}} seawards, thickened by the smoke of a burning field of wheat. Six [[Bristol Blenheim]] bombers from [[No. 13 Squadron RAF|13 Squadron]] and one from [[No. 614 Squadron RAF|614 Squadron]] dropped {{cvt|100|lb|kg}} phosphorus bombs south of German {{lang|de|[[Anti-aircraft warfare|FlaK]]}} sites. Nine of the twelve Bostons were damaged, two crashed on landing and one Blenheim smoke-layer from 614 Squadron was damaged and the pilot wounded, the aircraft crashing on landing and bursting into flames.{{sfn|Bowyer|1979|pp=249–250}}<!--more to come--> Just before 08:00 two squadrons of cannon-armed Hurricanes were ordered to attack E-boats coming from Boulogne; they were accompanied by two fighter cover squadrons.<ref>Leigh-Mallory, After Action Report, p. 65</ref>

The airfield at [[Aerodrome Abbeville|Abbeville]]-Drucat was attacked by 24 [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]]es, escorted by four squadrons of USAAF Spitfire IXs at 10:30<ref name=AfterAction/> putting it out of action for "two vital hours".{{sfn|Richards|Saunders|1975|p=144}} After the attack, a wing of Typhoons made a feint towards [[Ostend]]<ref name=AfterAction/> The Mustangs reconnoitred outside the main area looking for reinforcements on the roads to Dieppe and from Amiens, Rouen, Yvetot and Le Havre. Flying from [[RAF Gatwick]], they contacted the HQ ship then, having flown a sortie, passed information to the HQ ship before returning to Gatwick and phoning report to the air commander. Reconnaissance sorties were stopped after 12:00<ref name=AfterAction>{{Citation |author=Leigh-Mallory, Trafford |year=2003 |title=Air Operations at Dieppe: An After-Action Report |journal=Canadian Military History |volume=XII |issue= 4 |at=Article 6 |url= http://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol12/iss4/6 |quote=Report by the Air Force Commander on the Combined Operation Against Dieppe – August 19th, 1942, 5 September 1942}}</ref> Although taken by surprise, the German fighters soon began to attack the air umbrella. The RAF was moderately successful in protecting the ground and sea forces from aerial bombing but were hampered by operating far from their home bases. Spitfires were at the limit of their range, with some only being able to spend five minutes over the combat area.<ref>Atkin p. 199</ref>

As more German aircraft appeared, the number of British aircraft over Dieppe was increased from three to six squadrons and at times up to nine squadrons were present.<ref>Leigh-Mallory, After Action Report, p. 67</ref>

Six squadrons (four British, two Canadian) flew the Spitfire Mk IX, the only British fighter equal to the Fw 190, on its operational debut at Dieppe.<ref name="ReferenceB">Copp, Terry. "The Air over Dieppe." ''Legion'', June 1996, p. 8.</ref> During the battle, Fighter Command flew 2,500 [[sortie]]s over Dieppe.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The plan to centralise information gleaned from German radar, W/T and R/T and other transmissions failed because the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} operation against the landing overwhelmed the reporting system and the war room at 11 Group HQ was overwhelmed with reports as the {{Lang|de|Luftwaffe}} reaction increased. RAF Kingsdown was not informed about developments and failed to identify German fighter reinforcements arriving from all over France and the [[Low Countries]]. The new 6IS<!--Bletchley Hut 6?--> [[Fish (cryptography)|Fish]] party, to decrypt high-speed non-Morse transmissions via the German {{lang|de|[[Geheimschreiber]]}}, had no time to prepare and missed important information.{{sfn|Macksey|2004|pp=151, 68}} Despite the failures of control and intelligence, the air umbrella prevented the {{Lang|de|Luftwaffe}} from making many attacks on the landing or the evacuation of the Allied force.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Richards|Saunders|1975|p=144}}

==Aftermath==

===Analyses===

====German====
[[File:Dieppe Raid c029878.jpg|thumb|German soldiers examine a [[Churchill tank]] at Dieppe]]
The capture of a copy of the Dieppe plan allowed the Germans to analyse the operation. Rundstedt criticised the plan's rigidity, saying that "the plan is in German terms not a plan, it is more a position paper or the intended course of an exercise."<ref>Shelley 2021, pp. 10–11.</ref> Other senior German officers were equally unimpressed; General [[Konrad Haase]] considered it "incomprehensible" that a division was expected to overrun a German regiment that was supported by artillery, "...the strength of naval and air forces was entirely insufficient to suppress the defenders during the landings".<ref name="Atkin 1980, p. 262">Atkin 1980, p. 262.</ref> General [[Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen]] could not understand why the Pourville landings were not reinforced with tanks where they might have succeeded in leaving the beach.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 261.</ref> The Germans were unimpressed by the Churchill tanks left behind; the armament and armour were compared unfavourably with that used in German and Soviet tanks.<ref name="Atkin 1980, p. 262"/>

The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} was pleased with how it had performed during the air battle. One report judged the Fw 190, which formed the bulk of the air defence, to be 'in every way suitable as a fighter-bomber'. It ascribed its good performance despite its marked numerical superiority to the "aggressiveness and better training of the German fighter pilots". The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} had been so active during the battle that only 70 of the 230 airframes available at the start of the day were combat ready by day's end. The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} had consumed all its 20mm cannon ammunition available in the West, so much so that there was not enough for routine flight operations in the next couple of days.<ref name="Shelley 2021, pp. 7–9">Shelley 2021, pp. 7–9.</ref>

The Germans were pleased with their successful defence whilst noting faults in their own communications, transport and location of support forces but recognised that the Allies were certain to learn some lessons from the operation and set about improving the fixed defences.<ref name="leasor1"/> As the overall theatre commander in the West, Rundstedt was adamant that the Germans must learn Dieppe's lessons. He was anxious that the Germans were not left behind in learning from Dieppe: "Just as we have gained the most valuable experience from the day of Dieppe, the enemy has learnt as well. Just as we evaluate the experience for the future, so will the enemy. Perhaps he will do this to an even greater extent because he has paid so dearly for it".<ref>Shelley 2021, p. 12.</ref>

The Dieppe raid also provoked longer-term strategic decisions. In October,  [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|Hitler's high command]] produced a "Memorandum Regarding Experiences in Coastal Defence", which was provoked in large part by Dieppe. This document provided a framework for German commanders to plan coastal defence in the future. It laid down, amongst other principles, that air superiority was the key to a successful coastal defence strategy.<ref name="Shelley 2021, pp. 7–9"/>

====Allied====
Dieppe became a textbook example of "what not to do" in amphibious operations and laid the framework for the [[Normandy landings]] two years later. Dieppe showed the need for
# Preliminary artillery support, including aerial bombardment<ref name=bbcdieppe/>
# Surprise
# Proper intelligence concerning enemy fortifications
# Avoidance of a frontal attack on a defended port
# Proper re-embarkation craft<ref name=green1/>

While the Canadian contingent fought boldly in the face of a determined enemy, it was ultimately circumstances outside their control which sealed their fate.<ref name=green1>Maguire 1963, p. 190.</ref> Despite criticism concerning the inexperience of the Canadian brigades, scholars have noted that even seasoned professionals would have been hard-pressed under the deplorable conditions brought about by their superiors. The commanders who planned the raid on Dieppe had not envisaged such losses.<ref name=green1/> This was one of the first attempts by the Western Allies on a German-held port city. As a consequence, planning from the highest ranks in preparation for the raid was minimal. Basic strategic and tactical errors were made which resulted in a higher than expected Allied (particularly Canadian) death rate.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

To help future landings, the British would develop [[Hobart's Funnies|specialist armoured vehicles]] for engineers to perform tasks protected by armour. Because the tracks of most of the Churchill tanks were caught up in the shingle beach, the Allies began to study beach geology where they intended to land and adapting vehicles for them.<ref>Foot, M.R.D. [http://www.historytoday.com/mrd-foot/dieppe-raid "The Dieppe raid."]''History Today'', August 1992. Retrieved: 29 November 2015.</ref> The Allies changed their view that capturing a major port was necessary to establish a second front; the damage inflicted on a port to capture it and by the Germans firing demolition charges would make it useless afterwards. Prefabricated [[Mulberry harbour]]s were to be built and towed to beaches during the invasion.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 274</ref>

While the RAF were generally able to keep German aircraft from the land battle and the ships, the operation demonstrated the need for air superiority as well as showing "major deficiencies in RAF ground support techniques" and this led to the creation of an integrated [[tactical air force]] for army support.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm "RAF History Timeline 1942."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093456/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm |date=2010-12-06 }} ''raf.mod.uk,'' 2012 [last update]. Retrieved: 21 July 2012.</ref>

===Casualties===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1206-13, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, tote alliierte Soldaten.jpg|thumb|alt=|Canadian dead at Dieppe, August 1942]]
[[File:Canadian POWs, Dieppe.jpg|thumb|alt=|Canadian prisoners being led away through Dieppe after the raid. Credit: Library and Archives Canada / C-014171]]
Of the nearly 5,000-strong Canadian contingent, 3,367 were killed, wounded or taken prisoner, an exceptional casualty rate of 68 per cent.<ref name="beige1">Robertson 1962,  p. 386.</ref> The 1,000 British Commandos lost 247 men. The Royal Navy lost the destroyer {{HMS|Berkeley|L17|2}} (on the return crossing, it was hit by bombs from a Fw 190 and then scuttled by  {{HMS|Albrighton|L12|6}}) and 33 landing craft, suffering 550 dead and wounded. The RAF lost 106 aircraft. [[Royal Air Force Marine Branch|RAF Air Sea Rescue Services]] picked up around 20 pilots at the loss of three of Dover's five [[Type Two 63 ft HSL|High Speed Launches]].<ref>Leigh Mallory, After Action Report, p. 57</ref> Among the RAF losses, six RAF aircraft had been shot down by gunners on their own side, one Typhoon was shot down by a Spitfire <!-- confusion with Fw 190 was a problem hence recognition stripes --> and two others were lost when their tails broke off (a structural problem with early Typhoons), and two Spitfires collided during the withdrawal across the Channel.<ref>{{citation |work=Military History Journal |volume=I   |issue=5 |date=December 1969 |title=Air Umbrella – Dieppe |first=Michael |last=Schoeman |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol015ms.html |publisher=The South African Military History Society }}</ref>

The Germans suffered 591 casualties, 322 fatal and 280 wounded, 48 aircraft and one patrol boat.{{sfn|Rahn|2001|p=441}} Of the 50 US Army Rangers serving in Commando units, six were killed, seven wounded and four captured.

The losses at Dieppe were claimed to be a necessary evil.<ref name=green1/> Mountbatten later justified the raid by arguing that lessons learnt at Dieppe in 1942 were put to good use later in the war. He later claimed, "I have no doubt that the Battle of Normandy was won on the beaches of Dieppe. For every man who died in Dieppe, at least 10 more must have been spared in Normandy in 1944."{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} In direct response to the raid on Dieppe, Churchill remarked that "My Impression of 'Jubilee' is that the results fully justified the heavy cost" and that it "was a Canadian contribution of the greatest significance to final victory."<ref>Maguire 1963, p. 181.</ref>

To others, especially Canadians, it was a major disaster. The exception was the success gained by the battle-hardened British commandos against the coast artillery batteries near Varengeville. Of the nearly 5,000 Canadian soldiers, more than 900 were killed (about 18 per cent) and 1,874 taken prisoner (37%).<ref name="Herd"/><ref>Grimsley, Mark. [http://www.historynet.com/what-if-the-dieppe-raid-had-succeeded.htm "What If the Dieppe Raid Had Succeeded?"] ''Historynet.com,'' 2 June 2011.  Retrieved: 19 August 2013.</ref>

===German propaganda===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1238-25A, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, alliierte Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|British and Canadian prisoners resting at Dieppe, August 1942]]
Dieppe was a German [[Nazi propaganda|propaganda coup]] in which the Dieppe raid was described as a military joke, noting the amount of time needed to plan such an attack, combined with the losses suffered by the Allies, pointed only to incompetence.<ref name=hall1>Hall, David. [http://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/david-halls-lecture-on-germans-at-dieppe-2011/ "The German View of the Dieppe Raid."] 
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105807/http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/david-halls-lecture-on-germans-at-dieppe-2011/ |date=20 August 2018 }} Lecture to the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, 13 October 2011.</ref> German  [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Propaganda Minister]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] and his press chief [[Otto Dietrich]] oversaw a propaganda campaign which sought to highlight the raid's failure as a sign of German strength and also to reassure the German domestic population that they need not worry about an attack in the West while most German forces were committed in the East.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shelley|first=James |title=The Germans and the Dieppe Raid: How Hitler's Wehrmacht Crushed Operation Jubilee |year=2023 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1399030601}}, p. 250</ref> The propaganda value of German news on the raid was enhanced by British foot-dragging, Allied media being forced to carry announcements from German sources.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 257.</ref> These attempts were made to rally the morale of the German people despite the growing intensity of the Allied [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing]] campaign on German cities, and large daily casualties on the Eastern Front.<ref name=hall1/> Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] of France wrote a letter of congratulation to the German Army for "cleansing French soil of the invader" of this "most recent British aggression". Pétain suggested that French troops be allowed to serve with German coastal garrisons; this suggestion was not viewed with enthusiasm by the German Army and nothing came of it. The letter was given much publicity in Germany and France as a sign of how the French people allegedly appreciated Germany's efforts to defend them from ''les Anglo-Saxons''. Pétain's letter was later used as an exhibit for the prosecution at his trial for high treason in 1945.{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=338}}

===The air battle===
Fighter Command claimed to have inflicted many losses on the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} for an RAF loss of 106 aircraft, 88 fighters (including 44 Spitfires), 10 reconnaissance aircraft and eight bombers; 14 other RAF aircraft were struck off charge from other causes such as accidents.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 208.</ref> Other sources suggest that up to 28 bombers were lost and that the figure for destroyed and damaged Spitfires was 70.{{sfn|Franks|1998|pp=56–62}} The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} suffered 48 aircraft losses, 28 bombers, half of them Dornier Do 217s from KG 2; JG 2 lost 14 Fw 190s and eight pilots killed, JG 26 lost six Fw 190s with their pilots.<ref name="Weal 1996, p. 26">Weal 1996, p. 26.</ref> The RAF lost 91 aircraft shot down and 64 pilots; 47 killed and 17 taken prisoner, the RCAF lost 14 aircraft and nine pilots and 2 Group lost six bombers.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{efn|Leigh-Mallory reported losses of 70 pilots and 10 crew killed or missing; aircraft destroyed as 88 fighters, 10 Army Cooperation aircraft, one from 2 Group and seven of the smoke laying aircraft.<ref>Leigh-Mallory Appendix C</ref>}} Leigh-Mallory considered the losses "remarkably light in view of the number of Squadrons taking part and the intensity of the fighting" noting that the tactical reconnaissance suffered heaviest with about two casualties per squadron.<ref>Leigh-Mallory "Covering Letter by Air Force Commander", After Action Report, p. 2</ref> The {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} in France was back to full strength within days of the raid. Copp wrote that Dieppe failed to inflict the knockout blow against the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} that the RAF sought.  For the rest of 1942, the output of fighters by the United States, Britain, and Canada, combined with better Allied pilot training, led to the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} gradually losing the war of attrition in the skies above France. Copp concluded that "[t]he battle for air superiority was won on many fronts by continuous effort and Aug. 19, 1942, was part of that achievement."<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The Forward Air Controller, [[Air Commodore]] [[Adrian Cole (RAAF officer)|Adrian Cole]],  was injured when ''Calpe'' was attacked and was awarded the DSO for gallantry.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35729 |supp=y|page=4331|date=2 October 1942}}</ref>

===Prisoners of war===
[[Brigadier]] [[William Wallace Southam|William Southam]] brought ashore his copy of the assault plan, [[Classified information|classified]] as a secret document. Southam tried to bury it under the pebbles at the time of his surrender but was spotted and the plan retrieved by the Germans. The plan, later criticised by senior German commanders, including Rundstedt, for its size and needless complexity, contained orders to shackle prisoners.<ref name="Shackling">{{cite journal |title=Bowmanville, 1942: The 'Shackling Crisis' and the Treatment of German Prisoners of War in Canada |url=http://hhr-atlas.ieg-mainz.de/articles/turcotte-bowmanville |journal=Online Atlas on the History of Humanitarianism and Human Rights |date=January 2018 |publisher=IEG |access-date=7 June 2019|last1=Turcotte |first1=Jean-Michel }}</ref> The British Special Service Brigade tied the hands of prisoners taken on raids and the practice had been ordered for the Dieppe Raid "to prevent destruction of their documents". Roberts objected to this with the chief of combined operations. After capturing the orders for Operation Jubilee, the Germans threatened on 2 September to shackle the prisoners taken at Dieppe. The War Office announced that if an order existed it would be rescinded and the Germans withdrew the threat on 3 September. On 7 October the Germans revived the controversy after more information emerged about the Dieppe operation and that German prisoners taken during [[Operation Basalt|the small 4 October raid]] on [[Sark]] were alleged to have been tied. On 8 October British and Canadian prisoners were tied in reprisal, which led to counter reprisals.{{sfn|Stacey|1956|pp=396–297}}{{page needed|date=August 2023}} Supposed violations of the Geneva Convention committed by Allied commandos against German POWs at Dieppe and Sark was one of the reasons Hitler gave for the [[Commando Order]] of October 1942 for all Allied commando prisoners to be executed.<ref name="ELOB">{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Eric |title=Operation Basalt the British Raid on Sark and Hitler's Commando Order |date= 2016 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0750964364}}</ref>{{rp|73}}

===Civilians===
Civilians were handed leaflets by the Canadians telling them it was only a raid and not to get involved; despite this a small number of civilians provided help to the wounded and later passed clothing and food to Canadian prisoners.<ref name="leasor1"/>{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Civilians also volunteered to help collect and bury the Canadian fallen, including the 475 washed ashore.<ref name="leasor1"/>{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Hitler decided to reward the town for not helping in the raid by freeing French POWs from Dieppe and Berlin radio announced the release of {{nowrap|750 "sons}} of Dieppe" imprisoned since 1940.{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=338}} For the town residents' "perfect discipline and calm", although the residents had not had much time to furnish the invaders with an instant [[Fifth column|Fifth Column]], Hitler gave the town a gift of [[French franc|Fr]] 10 million, to repair the damage caused during the raid.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 264.</ref>

===German preparedness===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-291-1230-05, Dieppe, Landungsversuch, tote alliierte Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Canadian and British dead at Dieppe, August 1942]]
The fiasco has led to a discussion of whether the Germans knew of the raid in advance.<ref>Campbell 1993, pp. 4–5.</ref>  Since June 1942, the [[BBC]] had been broadcasting warnings to French civilians of a "likely" action, urging them to quickly evacuate the Atlantic coastal districts.<ref name="Fleming" /><ref name="NYT warning">[https://www.nytimes.com/1942/06/09/archives/warning-by-radio-notice-of-likely-war-moves-given-civilians-in.html "Warning by radio: Notice of 'likely' war moves given civilians in Nazi-held zone."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 June 1942, p. 1. Retrieved: 20 August 2012.</ref><ref name="Pittsburg">Beattie, Edward W. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wFcbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4918,6321900 "Big Commando Attack Due, England Hints."] ''[[Pittsburgh Press]]'' 8 June 1942. Retrieved: 9 September 2010.</ref> Indeed, on the day of the raid itself, the BBC announced it, albeit at 08:00, after the landings had taken place.<ref>Campbell 1993, p. 4.</ref>

First-hand accounts and memoirs of many Canadian veterans who documented their experiences on the shores of Dieppe remark about the preparedness of the German defences as if they were warned, on touching down on the Dieppe shore, the landing ships were immediately shelled with the utmost precision as troops disembarked.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 266.</ref> Commanding officer Lt Colonel Labatt testified to having seen markers on the beach used for mortar practice, which appeared to have been recently placed.<ref>Stacey 1944, par. 43.</ref>

The belief that the Germans were forewarned has been strengthened by accounts of German and Allied POWs. Major C. E. Page, while interrogating a German soldier, found out that four machine-gun battalions were brought in "specifically" in anticipation of a raid. There are numerous accounts of interrogated German prisoners, German captors and French citizens who all conveyed to Canadians that the Germans had been preparing for the landing for weeks.<ref>Poolton and Poolton-Turney 1998, p. 46.</ref><ref>Whitaker 1992, p. xv.</ref> Captain Stephen Roskill, Britain's  [[Official history|official naval historian]], wrote an article for the prestigious Royal United Services Institution arguing the opposite case in 1964. Roskill's article relied on German documentary evidence to show that any warnings of an Allied raid on Dieppe were purely coincidental.<ref>Roskill 1964</ref> In his 2023 study of the battle from the German point of view, James Shelley concluded that there was no evidence to support the view that the Germans had any specific intelligence that a raid was planned against Dieppe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shelley|first=James |title=The Germans and the Dieppe Raid: How Hitler's Wehrmacht Crushed Operation Jubilee |year=2023 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1399030601}}, pp. 39–40, 247.</ref>

The German convoy that bumped into the Allied ships failed to get messages to shore due to damage to their radio aerials in the fire fight; however, the operator of the long range Freya 28 (Radar) at Pourville correctly identified five columns of stationary ships at 03:45 at a range of 35&nbsp;km. An alert was given to the Navy command who did not believe the warning, but when the ships started to head to shore a further warning was given at 04:35. Troops along the coast had heard gun fire out to sea and some units went to alert. It was 05:05 before German orders came from Le Havre for artillery to open fire. Within an hour the extent of the attack was being understood by German command and reserves were notified to prepare to move to the coast.<ref name="leasor1"/>

====''Daily Telegraph'' crossword controversy====
On 17 August 1942, the clue "French port (6)" appeared in the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' crossword (compiled by [[Leonard Dawe]]), followed by the solution, "[[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]]"; the raid on Dieppe took place the next day, on 19 August.<ref name="Fleming">Fleming, Vic. [http://www.dailyrecord.us/Story.aspx?id=416&date=9%2F5%2F2008 "Mystery of the D-day crosswords, Part 1."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084839/http://www.dailyrecord.us/Story.aspx?id=416&date=9%2F5%2F2008 |date=19 January 2012}} ''Daily Record'' (Little Rock), 2008. Retrieved: 7 June 2010.</ref> The War Office suspected that the crossword had been used to pass intelligence to the Germans and called upon [[John Buchan, 2nd Baron Tweedsmuir|Lord Tweedsmuir]],{{efn|Son of the novelist  [[John Buchan]], former Governor General of Canada}} a senior intelligence officer attached to the Canadian Army, to investigate. Tweedsmuir later said, "We noticed that the crossword contained the word 'Dieppe', and there was an immediate and exhaustive inquiry which also involved [[MI5]]. But in the end, it was concluded that it was just a remarkable coincidence – a complete fluke".<ref>Gilbert 2008, pp. 19–20.</ref> [[D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm|A similar crossword coincidence occurred in May 1944]], prior to D-Day. Multiple terms associated with [[Operation Overlord]] (including the word "Overlord") appeared in the ''Daily Telegraph'' crossword (also written by Dawe) and after another investigation by MI5, it was concluded that it was another coincidence. Further to this, a former student identified that Dawe frequently requested words from his students, many of whom were children in the same area as US military personnel.<ref name="crossword panic">Wallington, Richard S. J. [http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/Crossword.htm "The Crossword Panic of 1944."] ''Historic UK.'' Retrieved: 21 July 2012.</ref>

===The Enigma pinch===
Research undertaken over a 15-year period by military historian [[David O'Keefe (historian)|David O'Keefe]] uncovered 100,000 pages of classified British military archival files that documented a "[[theft|pinch]]" mission overseen by [[Ian Fleming]] (best known later as author of the [[James Bond]] novels), as the main purpose of the Dieppe Raid. O'Keefe states that [[No. 30 Commando]] was sent to Dieppe to capture one of the new German 4-rotor [[Enigma code machine]]s, plus associated codebooks and rotor setting sheets. The [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] (NID) planned the "pinch" to pass such items to [[cryptanalysts]] at [[Bletchley Park]] to assist with Ultra decryption operations.<ref name = OKeefe>Ogrodnik, Irene. [http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html "Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084451/http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html |date=24 October 2012}} ''Global News,'' 9 August 2012. Retrieved: 13 August 2012.</ref> According to O'Keefe the presence of other troops landing at Dieppe was to provide support and create a distraction for the commando units ordered to reach the German admiralty headquarters and capture the Enigma machine; they were a cover for the Enigma target.

No. 30 Commando was formed, as the Special Intelligence Unit, in September
1942 (a month after the raid), composed of 33 (Royal Marines) Troop, 34 (Army) Troop, 35 (RAF) Troop and 36 (Royal Navy) Troop. It was later renamed 30 RN Commando (Special Engineering Unit).<ref name=kingscollege>{{Cite web|publisher=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, [[King's College London]]|title=History of 30 Assault Unit 1942–1946|date=December 1999|url=https://kingscollections.org/catalogues/lhcma/collection/h/xh40-001}}</ref> Later research identified the unit in the Dieppe raid as [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando#No. 3 (X) Troop|No. 3 Troop of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando]], known as the X-Troop.

In August 2017,  naval historian [[Eric Grove]] described 'Enigma Pinch' as "more a reflection of the contemporary fascination with secret intelligence rather than the reality of 1942."<ref name = BWM/> Obtaining useful intelligence was among the objectives – including the capture of a four-rotor Enigma cipher machine but it was one of many objectives. Grove concludes that the Dieppe Raid was not, as claimed, cover for a 'snatch' and also recognises that the decision to form the Intelligence Assault Units to gather intelligence material was not made until after Operation Jubilee had been ordered.<ref name = BWM>{{citation |last=Grove |first=Eric |work=Britain at War Magazine |date= August 2017 |title=Dieppe – The Reason Why |page=66 (Box panel, "The Enigma Factor") |publisher=Key Publishing}}</ref>

Leah Garret in her 2021 book ''X-Troop: The Secret Jewish Commandos of World War Two'',<ref>{{cite book | last=Garrett | first=Leah | title=X troop: the secret Jewish commandos of World War II | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | publication-place=Boston | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-358-17203-1 | oclc=1159041048}}</ref> found new evidence to support O'Keefe's conclusion that Dieppe was a cover for a pinch on naval headquarters. A British unit was created made up of anti-Nazi Germans who had fled the [[Sudetenland]]; a five-man team from X Troop was to break into the Enigma machine's room at Dieppe and take the machine and code books. (German speakers were needed to identify the relevant code documents, and possibly, to interrogate prisoners taken.) Garret  found a formerly classified after-action report written by "Maurice Latimer", the Anglicised name of the one Sudeten German who returned from the mission, who reported that his orders were "to proceed immediately to German General HQ in Dieppe to pick up all documents, etc of value, including, if possible, a new German respirator" (almost certainly a code word referring to the Enigma machine). The mission failed, with one member killed, another seriously wounded, and two taken prisoner.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raid on Dieppe masked secret mission to steal Nazis' Enigma machine |last=Gumbel |first=Andrew |work=The Observer |date=9 May 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/09/raid-on-dieppe-masked-secret-mission-to-steal-nazis-enigma-machine }}</ref>

==Commemoration==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Location
!Date
!Description
!Manufacturer
!Inscription
!Window
|-
|Sir Arthur [[Currie Hall]], [[Royal Military College of Canada]], [[Kingston, Ontario]]
|1968
|1 light Dieppe Dawn
|Robert McCausland Limited
|* In memory of Dieppe Dawn 19 August 1942 by classes of 1948–52
|[[File:Dieppe Dawn 19 August 1942 stained glass Currie Hall.JPG|100px]]
|}

===Dieppe War Cemetery===
[[File:Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The current grave markers in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery]]
Allied dead were initially buried in a mass grave but at the insistence of the German Army Graves Commission the bodies were reburied at a site used by a British hospital in 1939 in Vertus Wood on the edge of the town.<ref>Atkin 1980, p. 265.</ref><ref name="leasor1"/>  The [[Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery]] headstones have been placed back-to-back in double rows, the norm for a German war cemetery but unusual for [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] sites. When the Allies liberated Dieppe as part of [[Operation Fusilade]] in 1944, the grave markers were replaced with standard CWGC headstones but the layout was left unchanged to avoid disturbing the remains.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Honours and awards===
Three Victoria Crosses were awarded for the operation: one to Captain Patrick Porteous, Royal Regiment of Artillery attached to No. 4 Commando, in the British forces; and two to Canadians – the Reverend [[John Weir Foote]], [[Military Chaplain|padre]] to the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and Merritt of the South Saskatchewan Regiment.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Porteous was severely wounded in the battle but was evacuated at the end of the battle; both Foote and Merritt were captured and became [[prisoners of war]], although in the instance of Foote, he deliberately abandoned his landing craft and chose to be captured so that he could minister to his fellow Canadians who were now POWs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/1942-dieppe-raid|title=The 1942 Dieppe Raid |website=[[Veterans Affairs Canada]] |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

Marcel Lambert of the 14th Army Tank Regiment (The Calgary Regiment (Tank)), fought aggressively in the battle and was captured. He, along with all the participants in the raid, was awarded a "certificate" from the Government of France. In the 1980s the Government of Canada issued to all raid veterans a "volunteer service medal."<ref>Twice-told Tales of St. Albert's Past, p. 97</ref>

Despite the failure of the operation, Major General Roberts was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Among the enlisted personnel, Private William A. Haggard<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/canvas/2/cwe462e.html|title=Portrait of Private W. A. Haggard |author= [[Lawren P. Harris]]|date=1942 |website=[[Canadian War Museum]] |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> of the South Saskatchewan Regiment was awarded the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]], and subsequently, field promoted to lieutenant, for his actions during the raid.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

A Canadian signalman, Sergeant David Lloyd Hart, was awarded the [[Military Medal]] for his efforts during the raid. Hart maintained what became the sole line of radio communications between the men ashore and the commanders out at sea. He is credited with saving the lives of 100 men through his signals work, being able to order their retreat. Hart later became the longest-serving officer in the Canadian Armed Forces, serving in active and honorary roles for 81 years. He died in March 2019, aged 101.<ref name="LongestService">{{cite news |last1=Lowrie |first1=Morgan |title=Dieppe veteran and the Canadian Army's longest-serving officer David Lloyd Hart was 'a friend and mentor to many' |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-dieppe-veteran-and-the-canadian-armys-longest-serving-officer-david/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=1 April 2019 |location=Montreal, ON Canada}}</ref><ref name="WWIIObit">{{cite news |title=WWII vet, Dieppe hero David Hart dies at age 101 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/wwii-vet-dieppe-hero-david-hart-dies-at-age-101-1.5079402 |work=CBC News |date=1 April 2019 |format=Video|location=Toronto, ON Canada}}</ref>

U.S. Army Ranger Corporal Frank Koons became the first American soldier in the Second World War to receive a British award for bravery in action, a Military Medal.<ref name="leasor1"/>

==See also==
* [[Beach Comber]], a famous [[war pigeon]] that was highly decorated for his role in the Dieppe Raid.
* [[Operation Jubilee order of battle]] for all units involved.
* ''[[Dieppe (film)|Dieppe]],'' a Canadian television miniseries that dramatised the events leading up to Operation Jubilee.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Works cited===
* Atkin, Ronald. ''Dieppe 1942: The Jubilee Disaster''. London: Book Club Associates, 1980. {{ISBN|978-0-333-19187-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Boog |first1=H. |last2=Rahn |first2=W. |last3=Stumpf |first3=R. |last4=Wegner |first4=B. |translator-first1=Ewald |translator-last1=Osers |translator-last2=Brownjohn |translator-first2=John |translator-last3=Crampton |translator-first3=Patricia |translator-last4=Willmot |translator-first4=Louise |series=Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Germany and the Second World War) |title=Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel zur Initiative 1941 bis 1943 |volume=VI |trans-title=Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt for the Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt |location=Stuttgart |year=2001 |orig-year=1990 |edition=eng. trans. Cambridge University Press, London |pages=439–442 |isbn=0-19-822888-0}}
** {{harvc |last=Rahn |first=W. |c=Chapter III: The Conduct of the War in the Atlantic and the Coastal Area (3.) Mine Warfare and Coastal Operations |year=2001 |in1=Boog |in2=Rahn |in3=Stumpf |in4=Wegner}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowyer |first=M. J. F. |title=2 Group RAF: A Complete History 1936–1945 |year=1979 |orig-year=1974 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |edition=2nd Faber Paperbacks |isbn=0-571-11460-1}}
* Buckingham, William. ''D-Day: The First 72 hours''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing. 2004. {{ISBN|0-7524-2842-X}}.
* Campbell, J. P. ''Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation''. London: Cass, 1993. {{ISBN|0-7146-3496-4}}.
* {{cite book |last=Christie |first=N. M. |series=Access to History (No. 5) |title=The Suicide Raid: The Canadians at Dieppe August 19th, 1942 |year=2000 |publisher=CEF Books |location=Ottawa |isbn=1-896979-36-X}}
* Churchill, Sir Winston. ''The Second World War: The Hinge of Fate''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.
* Copp, Terry ''A Nation at War, 1939–1945''. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-96887-505-6}}.
* Copp, Terry and Mike Bechthold. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309070559/http://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/the-canadian-battlefields-in-northern-france-dieppe-and-the-channel-ports-by-terry-copp-and-mike-bechthold/ ''The Canadian Battlefields in Northern France: Dieppe and the Channel Ports''.] Waterloo: WLU Press, 2011. {{ISBN|1-926804-01-5}}
* Dumais, Lucien A. ''Un Canadien français à Dieppe''. Paris: Éditions France-Empire, 1968.
* Dunning, James. ''The Fighting Fourth''. Stroud Sutton, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7509-3095-0}}.
* Ford, Ken. ''Dieppe 1942: Prelude to D-Day'' Campaign 127 Oxford: Osprey, 2004 .
* Fowler, Will. ''Allies at Dieppe''. Oxford: Osprey, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-78096-596-3}}.
* {{cite book |last=Franks |first=Norman L. R. |title=Royal Air Force Losses of the Second World War: Operational Losses: Aircraft and Crews 1942–1943 |volume=II |location=London |publisher=Midland |year=1998 |isbn=1-85780-075-3}}
* Gilbert, Val.  ''A Display of Lights (9): The Lives and Puzzles of the Telegraph's Six Greatest Cryptic Crossword Setters''. London: Macmillan (Telegraph Group Limited), 2008.  {{ISBN|978-0-230-71446-5}}.
* {{cite book |title=The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force: The Crucible of War, 1939–1945 |last1=Greenhous |first1=B. |last2=Harris |first2=S. J. |last3=Johnston |first3=W. C. |last4=Rawling |first4=W. G. P. |display-authors=1 |volume=III |year=1994 |publisher=University of Toronto Press and Department of National Defence |location=Toronto |id=D2-63/3-1994E |isbn=978-0-8020-0574-8 |ref={{harvid|Greenhous|1994}}}}
* Griffins, Richard. ''Marshal Pétain''. London: Constable, 1970. {{ISBN|0-09-455740-3}}
* Hamilton, Nigel. ''Monty: The Making of a General''. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd., 1981.{{ISBN|0-241-10583-8}}.
* Henry, Hugh G. ''Dieppe Through the Lens of the German War photographer''. London: After the Battle, 1993. {{ISBN|0-900913-76-2}}. A Canadian historian covers the actions of each one of the 29 tanks disembarked on the raid with photos, oral history and primary sources. The author later did his doctoral dissertation on the raid.
* Hughes-Wilson, John. ''Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-ups''. Bath: Robinson. 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84119-871-2}}.
* [[Wacław Król|Król, Wacław]]. ''Zarys działań polskiego lotnictwa w Wielkiej Brytanii 1940–1945'' (History of the Polish Air Forces in Great Britain 1940–1945). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności, 1990. {{ISBN|978-83-206-0852-6}}.
* Leasor, James. [http://www.jamesleasor.com/green-beach/#=true ''Green Beach''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142049/http://www.jamesleasor.com/green-beach/#=true |date=26 November 2011 }} London: House of Stratus, 2011, First edition 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-908291-10-3}}.
* {{cite book |last=Macksey |first=K. |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |title=The Searchers: Radio Intercept in Two World Wars |year=2004 |orig-year=2003 |publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks |location=London |edition=2nd |isbn=0-304-36651-X}}
* Maguire, Eric. "Evaluation." ''Dieppe, August 19''. London: J. Cape, 1963.
* O'Keefe, David. "One Day In August : The Untold Story Behind Canada's Tragedy At Dieppe", Alfred A Knopf Canada, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-345-80769-4}}.
* Poolton, Jack with Jayne Poolton-Turney. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ujEyIQ1YqyMC ''Destined to Survive: A Dieppe Veteran's Story''.] Toronto: Dundurn Press 1998. {{ISBN|1-55002-311-X}}.
* Robertson, Terence. ''Dieppe: The Shame and the Glory''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1st U.S. edition, 1962.
* {{cite journal |last1=Roskill |first1=S. W. |title=The Dieppe Raid and the Question of German Foreknowledge: A Study in Historical Responsibility |journal=Royal United Services Institution Journal |date=February 1964 |volume=109 |issue=633 |pages=27–31 |doi=10.1080/03071846409419700}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shelley |first1=James |title=The Germans and Air Power at Dieppe: The Raid and its Lessons from the 'Other Side of the Hill' |journal=War in History |date=2021 |volume=29 |pages=228–247 |doi=10.1177/0968344521995867|s2cid=237012955 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shelley|first=James |title=The Germans and the Dieppe Raid: How Hitler's Wehrmacht Crushed Operation Jubilee |year=2023 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781399030601}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=C. |title=England's Last War against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–1942 |year=2010 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |edition=2nd pbk. Phoenix (Orion) |isbn=978-0-7538-2705-5}}
* Stacey, Colonel C.P. [http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq128.pdf "The Lessons of Dieppe."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328081438/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq128.pdf |date=28 March 2022 }} ''Report No. 128: The Lessons of Dieppe and their Influence on the Operation Overlord''. Ottawa, Canada: Department of National Defence Canadian Forces, 1944.
* {{cite book |last=Stacey |first=C. P. |author-link=Charles Perry Stacey |series=Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War |title=Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific |chapter=Chapter X: Tasks and Operations 1941–1942; Chapter XI: The Raid on Dieppe 19 August 1942; Chapter XII: Dieppe: Losses, Comments and Aftermath |pages=323–408 |volume=I |year=1956 |orig-year=1955 |publisher=Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery by Authority of the Minister of National Defence |location=Ottawa |edition=2nd corr. online scan |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/official-histories/book-1955-army-ww2-1.html |access-date=19 Jun 2020 |oclc=1113687432 |via=Government of Canada: Directorate of History and Heritage }}
* Taylor, A.J.P. ''The Second World War: An Illustrated History''. London: Penguin Books, 1976. {{ISBN|0-14-004135-4}}.
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=H. L. |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force |volume=II |chapter=Chapter 16 Day Fighters During 1942 |year=1956 |publisher=Historical Publications Branch |location=Wellington, New Zealand |edition=online scan |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF-c16.html#n351 |pages=333–358 |access-date=19 June 2020 |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection |oclc=846897274 }}
* Villa, Brian Loring. ''Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-19-540679-6}}.
* Weal, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iblZ2Nvdj1EC ''Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front''.] London: Osprey, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-85532-595-1}}.
* Whitaker, Denis and Shelagh. ''Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph''. Whitby, Ontario: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1993. {{ISBN|0-07-551641-1}}
* {{citation |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-II/UK-RAF-II-8.html |chapter=Chapter VIII: The Pressure Grows |pages=141–158 |title=The Royal Air Force, 1939–45: The Fight Avails |volume=II |series=History of the Second World War |first1=Denis |last1=Richards |first2=Hilary St George |last2=Saunders |author-link1=Denis Richards |author-link2=Hilary Saint George Saunders |year=1975 |orig-year=1954 |edition=2nd pbk. |isbn=0-11-771593-X |via=Hyperwar Foundation }}
* {{citation |last=Ziegler |first=Philip  |date=1985 |title=Mountbatten: The official biography |edition=Hardcover |location=London |publisher=Collins |language=en |isbn=978-0002165433}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Arthy |first1=Andrew |title=Dieppe: The Luftwaffe Perspective: Jagdgeschwader 2 Operations: August 19, 1942 |journal=The Aviation Historian |date=2021 |issue=35 |pages=106–117 |issn=2051-1930}}
* Patrick Bishop: ''Operation Jubilee. Dieppe, 1942: The Folly and the Sacrifice''. London 2021. ISBN 978-0241985991.
* {{cite book |last=Bowman |first=M. W. |title=The Reich Intruders: RAF Light Bomber Raids in World War II |year=2005 |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |location=Barnsley |edition=1st |isbn=1-84415-333-9}}
* {{citation |work=London Gazette (Supplement) |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38045/supplement/3823 |issue=38045 |pages=3823–28 |date=12 August 1947 |title=The Dieppe Raid}} Operation Jubilee despatch submitted by Captain [[John Hughes-Hallett]] on 30 August 1942
* {{cite book|last=Roskill |first=S. W. |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: Period of Balance |volume=II |year=1962 |orig-year=1957 |edition=repr. 3rd |publisher=HMSO |location=London |oclc=929331838}}
* {{cite book |last=Zuehlke |first=M. |title=Tragedy at Dieppe: Operation Jubilee, August 19, 1942 |year=2012 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |location=Vancouver |isbn=978-1-55365-836-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Dieppe Raid}}
* [https://media.kcl.ac.uk/media/DieppeA+a+German+Learning+Experience+-+James+Shelley/0_5xy8x0xo Dieppe: a German Learning Experience] – Lecture to the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Shrivenham
* [http://www.wwii.ca/page53.html WWII: The Dieppe Raid – Canada at War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210071020/http://www.wwii.ca/page53.html |date=10 February 2012 }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dieppe_raid_01.shtml The Dieppe Raid], BBC History
* [http://stefanbatoryoceanliner.weebly.com/cpt-nalecz-tyminski.html The Dieppe Raid – Saving the lives of 85 Canadians by Polish Destroyer, ORP ''Slazak'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201027/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dieppe-raid/ The Dieppe Raid] – The Canadian Encyclopedia (via archive.org)
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/dieppe/ Raid on Dieppe] Militaryhistoryonline.com
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/second-world-war/the-contentious-legacy-of-dieppe/topic-the-contentious-legacy-of-dieppe.html The Contentious Legacy of Dieppe] – CBC Digital Archives
* [http://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/lcmsds-air-photo-collection-a-look-at-dieppe-by-mike-bechthold/ A Look at the Dieppe Raid through Air Photographs] – Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University
* [http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1667&context=cmh PDF: David Ian Hall The German view]
* Official History of the Canadian Army (Vol 1) at Hyperwar Foundation
** [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/SixYears/SixYears-11.html The Raid on Dieppe, 19 August 1942]
** [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/SixYears/SixYears-12.html Dieppe: Losses, Comments and Aftermath]
* [https://www.lahistoriaconmapas.com/timelines/dieppe/timeline-chronology-dieppe.html Timeline] lahistoriaconmapas.com
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