# Dini's theorem

In the mathematical field of analysis, Dini's theorem says that if a monotone sequence of continuous functions converges pointwise on a compact space and if the limit function is also continuous, then the convergence is uniform.[1]

## Formal statement

If X is a compact topological space, and { fn } is a monotonically increasing sequence (meaning fn(x) ≤ fn+1(x) for all n and x) of continuous real-valued functions on X which converges pointwise to a continuous function f, then the convergence is uniform. The same conclusion holds if { fn } is monotonically decreasing instead of increasing. The theorem is named after Ulisse Dini.[2]

This is one of the few situations in mathematics where pointwise convergence implies uniform convergence; the key is the greater control implied by the monotonicity. The limit function must be continuous, since a uniform limit of continuous functions is necessarily continuous.

## Proof

Let ε > 0 be given. For each n, let gn = ffn, and let En be the set of those xX such that gn( x ) < ε. Each gn is continuous, and so each En is open (because each En is the preimage of an open set under gn, a nonnegative continuous function). Since { fn } is monotonically increasing, { gn } is monotonically decreasing, it follows that the sequence En is ascending. Since fn converges pointwise to f, it follows that the collection { En } is an open cover of X. By compactness, there is a finite subcover, and since En are ascending the largest of these is a cover too. Thus we obtain that there is some positive integer N such that EN = X. That is, if n > N and x is a point in X, then |f( x ) − fn( x )| < ε, as desired.

## Notes

1. ^ Edwards 1994, p. 165. Friedman 2007, p. 199. Graves 2009, p. 121. Thomson, Bruckner & Bruckner 2008, p. 385.
2. ^ According to Edwards 1994, p. 165, "[This theorem] is called Dini's theorem because Ulisse Dini (1845–1918) presented the original version of it in his book on the theory of functions of a real variable, published in Pisa in 1878.".

## References

• Bartle, Robert G. and Sherbert Donald R.(2000) "Introduction to Real Analysis, Third Edition" Wiley. p 238. – Presents a proof using gauges.
• Edwards, Charles Henry (1994) [1973]. Advanced Calculus of Several Variables. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68336-2.
• Graves, Lawrence Murray (2009) [1946]. The theory of functions of real variables. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47434-2.
• Friedman, Avner (2007) [1971]. Advanced calculus. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45795-6.
• Jost, Jürgen (2005) Postmodern Analysis, Third Edition, Springer. See Theorem 12.1 on page 157 for the monotone increasing case.
• Rudin, Walter R. (1976) Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Third Edition, McGraw–Hill. See Theorem 7.13 on page 150 for the monotone decreasing case.
• Thomson, Brian S.; Bruckner, Judith B.; Bruckner, Andrew M. (2008) [2001]. Elementary Real Analysis. ClassicalRealAnalysis.com. ISBN 978-1-4348-4367-8.