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In about 1738 when Eliza was 14 years old Col. Lucas decided to move his family from Antigua to South Carolina, where he had inherited three plantations from his father.<ref>Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", ''Representative Americans, the Colonists'', Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240</ref> The chief one overlooked Wappoo Creek outside of Charleston.<ref>Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney, ''Women in the Biological Sciences'', Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1997, p.401</ref>
In about 1738 when Eliza was 14 years old Col. Lucas decided to move his family from Antigua to South Carolina, where he had inherited three plantations from his father.<ref>Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", ''Representative Americans, the Colonists'', Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240</ref> The chief one overlooked Wappoo Creek outside of Charleston.<ref>Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney, ''Women in the Biological Sciences'', Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1997, p.401</ref>
In 1739, Col. Lucas had to return to his post in Antigua to deal with the political conflict between England and Spain. Col. Lucas was appointed lieutenant governor of the island. England’s involvement in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] thwarted his attempts to move back to South Carolina with his family. Eliza’s letters to him show that she regarded her father with great respect and deep affection. Her mother lived until 1742 or later, but Eliza's letters demonstrated that she was head of the family in terms of managing the plantations.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VP8pMY1INfgC Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., ''The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney''], Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, Googlebooks
In 1739, Col. Lucas had to return to his post in Antigua to deal with the political conflict between England and Spain. Col. Lucas was appointed lieutenant governor of the island. England’s involvement in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] thwarted his attempts to move back to South Carolina with his family. Eliza’s letters to him show that she regarded her father with great respect and deep affection. Her mother lived until 1742 or later, but Eliza's letters demonstrated that she was head of the family in terms of managing the plantations.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VP8pMY1INfgC Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., ''The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney''], Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, Googlebooks, accessed 7 Dec 2008</ref>


Eliza was just sixteen years old when she became responsible for managing Wappoo Plantation and its 20 [[slave]]s, plus supervising overseers at two other Lucas plantations, one inland producing tar and timber, and a {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} rice plantation on the [[Waccamaw River]].<ref>Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", ''Representative Americans, the Colonists'', Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240</ref> In addition she oversaw her two younger siblings, as one brother was still in school in [[London]]. As was customary, she recorded her decisions and experiments by copying letters in a letter book. This letter book is one of the most impressive collections of personal writings of an eighteenth-century American woman, and gives insight into her mind and society.
Eliza was just sixteen years old when she became responsible for managing Wappoo Plantation and its 20 [[slave]]s, plus supervising overseers at two other Lucas plantations, one inland producing tar and timber, and a {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} rice plantation on the [[Waccamaw River]].<ref>Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", ''Representative Americans, the Colonists'', Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240</ref> In addition she oversaw her two younger siblings, as one brother was still in school in [[London]]. As was customary, she recorded her decisions and experiments by copying letters in a letter book. This letter book is one of the most impressive collections of personal writings of an eighteenth-century American woman, and gives insight into her mind and society.

Revision as of 22:40, 7 September 2010

Eliza Lucas Pinckney (December 27, 1723–1793) changed agriculture in colonial South Carolina, where she developed indigo as one of its most important cash crops. Its cultivation and processing as dye produced one-third the total value of the colony's exports before the Revolutionary War. Manager of three plantations at age sixteen, Pinckney had a major impact on the economy. She was the first woman to be inducted into South Carolina's Business Hall of Fame.

Early Life and Education

Eliza Lucas was born in Antigua, British West Indies on December 27, 1723 . She was the oldest child of Lieut.-Colonel George Lucas of the English Army, and his wife, Anne Lucas. She had two brothers, Tommy and George, and a younger sister Polly. Col. and Mrs. Lucas sent all their children to London for schooling. It was customary for elite colonists to send boys to England for education, but less usual for girls to have a similar opportunity. During this period, many parents believed that girls' futures of being wives and mothers made education less necessary. Eliza treasured her education at finishing school, where studies included French and music, but she said her favorite subject was botany.[1] She wrote to her father that she felt her “education, which [she] esteems a more valuable fortune than any [he] could have given [her], … Will make me happy through my future life.”[2]

Move to South Carolina and career

In about 1738 when Eliza was 14 years old Col. Lucas decided to move his family from Antigua to South Carolina, where he had inherited three plantations from his father.[3] The chief one overlooked Wappoo Creek outside of Charleston.[4]

In 1739, Col. Lucas had to return to his post in Antigua to deal with the political conflict between England and Spain. Col. Lucas was appointed lieutenant governor of the island. England’s involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession thwarted his attempts to move back to South Carolina with his family. Eliza’s letters to him show that she regarded her father with great respect and deep affection. Her mother lived until 1742 or later, but Eliza's letters demonstrated that she was head of the family in terms of managing the plantations.[5]

Eliza was just sixteen years old when she became responsible for managing Wappoo Plantation and its 20 slaves, plus supervising overseers at two other Lucas plantations, one inland producing tar and timber, and a 3,000 acres (12 km2) rice plantation on the Waccamaw River.[6] In addition she oversaw her two younger siblings, as one brother was still in school in London. As was customary, she recorded her decisions and experiments by copying letters in a letter book. This letter book is one of the most impressive collections of personal writings of an eighteenth-century American woman, and gives insight into her mind and society.

From Antigua, Col. Lucas sent Eliza various types of seeds for trial on the plantations. They and other planters were eager to find crops for the uplands that could supplement their cultivation of rice. First, she experimented with ginger, cotton, and alfalfa. Starting in 1739, she began experimenting with cultivating and improving strains of the indigo plant, for which the growing market in textiles created demand. When Col. Lucas sent Eliza indigo seeds in 1740, she expressed her “greater hopes” for them, as she intended to plant them earlier in the season.[7] In experimenting with growing indigo in new climate and soil, Lucas also depended on the knowledge and skills of enslaved Africans who had grown indigo in the West Indies and West Africa.

After four years of persistence and many failed attempts, Eliza Lucas proved that indigo could be successfully grown and processed in South Carolina. While she had first worked with an indigo processing expert from Montserrat, she was most successful in processing dye with the expertise of a black indigo-maker of African descent whom her father hired from the French West Indies.[8]

Lucas used her 1744 crop to make seed and shared it with other planters, leading to an expansion in indigo production.[9] She proved that colonial planters could make a profit in an extremely competitive market. Due to her successes, the volume of indigo dye exported increased dramatically from 5,000 pounds in 1745-46, to 130,000 pounds by 1748.[10] Indigo became second only to rice as the South Carolina colony's cash crop, and contributed greatly to the wealth of its planters. Before the Revolutionary War, indigo accounted for more than one-third of the total value of exports from the colony.[11]

Marriage and family

Eliza and Charles Pinckney, a planter on a neighboring plantation, became attached after the death of his first wife. They were married on May 27, 1744. She was 22 and took her family responsibilities seriously, vowing “to make a good wife to my dear Husband in all its several branches; to make all my actions Correspond with that sincere love and Duty I bear him… I am resolved to be a good mother to my children, to pray for them, to set them good examples, to give them good advice, to be careful both of their souls and bodies, to watch over their tender minds.”[12]

Mr. Pinckney had studied law in England, and had become a politically active leader in the colony. He was South Carolina’s first native-born attorney, and served as advocate general of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, justice of the peace for Berkeley County, and attorney general. He was elected a member of the Commons House of Assembly and Speaker of that body intermittently from 1736–1740, and he was a member of the Royal Provincial Council. Eliza was unlike many women of her time, as she was educated, independent, and accomplished. When the Pinckneys lived in Charleston, Eliza was soon planting oaks and magnolias at their mansion Belmont, and corresponding regularly with major British botanists.

Eliza soon had three sons and a daughter: Charles Cotesworth, George Lucas, Thomas, and Harriott Pinckney (born third). George Lucas Pinckney died soon after birth in June 1747. In 1753 the family moved to London for five years.[13] Shortly after their return in 1758 to South Carolina, Charles Pinckney contracted malaria and died.[14] Lucas Pinckney continued to manage their plantations, as well as the extensive Lucas holdings.[15] Most of her agricultural experiments took place before this time.[16]

The surviving Pinckney sons became influential leaders. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was a signer of the U.S. Constitution and was the Federalist Vice-Presidential candidate in 1800. In 1804 and 1808, he was the Federalist candidate for President. Thomas was appointed Minister to Spain, where he negotiated Pinckney's Treaty in 1795 to guarantee US navigation rights on the Mississippi River. He was the Federalist Vice-Presidential candidate in 1796. she died in 1793

Honors and legacy

  • 1989 - For her contributions to South Carolina's agriculture, Eliza Lucas Pinckney was the first woman to be inducted into the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame.
  • 1753 - At an audience with the widowed Princess of Wales in London, Lucas Pinckney presented her with a dress made of silk produced from Lucas plantations.

Citations

  1. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Distinguished Women of Past & Present, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  2. ^ Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, Googlebooks, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  3. ^ Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Representative Americans, the Colonists, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240
  4. ^ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Women in the Biological Sciences, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1997, p.401
  5. ^ Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, Googlebooks, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  6. ^ Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Representative Americans, the Colonists, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.240
  7. ^ Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, p.8, Googlebooks, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  8. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Slavery in America, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  9. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Slavery in America, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  10. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Distinguished Women of Past & Present, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  11. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Biographies, National Women's History Museum, 2007, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  12. ^ Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser, eds., The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Intriguing Letters by One of Colonial America's Most Accomplished Women, Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1972, p.8, Googlebooks, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  13. ^ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Women in the Biological Sciences, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1997, p.405
  14. ^ Norman K. Risjord, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Representative Americans, the Colonists, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p.249
  15. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Infoplease, accessed 7 Dec 2008
  16. ^ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose, "Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Women in the Biological Sciences, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1997, p.405
  17. ^ "Eliza Lucas Pinckney", Distinguished Women of Past & Present, accessed 7 Dec 2008

Additional reading

  • South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 99:3 (July 1998). Special issue on Eliza Lucas Pinckney, featuring three academic articles and three previously unpublished letters.
  • “Eliza Lucas Pinckney”, in G. J. Barker Benfield and Catherine Clinton, eds., Portraits of American Women: From Settlement to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Ravenel, Harriott Horry. Eliza Pinckney, New York: Scribnerís, 1896.
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