Engelbert II of Berg

Saint Engelbert of Cologne
Archbishop of Cologne and Martyr
Born	1185 or 1186 Burg an der Wupper, Germany
Died	(1225-11-07)7 November 1225 Gevelsberg, near Schwelm, Germany
Venerated in	Roman Catholicism
Major shrine	Cologne, Germany
Feast	7 November
Attributes	a crosier in one hand, with an upraised sword, in the other, piercing a crescent moon

Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family.

Early life

Engelbert was born in 1185 or 1186 in Schloss Burg (present Burg an der Wupper), the younger son of Count Engelbert I of Berg and his wife Margarete of Guelders. He was educated at the cathedral school in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of twelve or thirteen) he held the office of provost of St. George in Cologne and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. He was elected Bishop of Münster in 1203 but he declined because of his age.

Engelbert was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in 1206, on account of his support for his cousin Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, in the interests of Philip of Swabia against Otto of Brunswick but was pardoned in 1208. In 1212, as an act of penance for his earlier rebellion, he took part in the Albigensian Crusade. He gave his allegiance to the future Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

Archbishop of Cologne and after

Statue of Archbishop Engelbert at Schloss Burg (sculptor Paul Wynand)

Engelbert was elected Archbishop of Cologne as Engelbert I on 29 February 1216 and was consecrated on 24 September 1217, in which office he remained until his violent death.

Engelbert came to enjoy the trust of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming imperial administrator (Reichsverweser) in 1220 and guardian of the Emperor's son Henry. In 1222, Engelbert crowned twelve-years-old Henry as King of the Romans in Aachen. Engelbert remained Henry's tutor and guardian until his death.

It is not clear to what extent Engelbert was personally involved with the Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis, a treaty with the ecclesiastical princes, which Frederick signed on 26 April 1220, although as Administrator of the German Kingdom (Gubernator Regni Teutonici) he must have had at least some input. Clearly, however, in the increased powers it gave to all ecclesiastical princes it was of benefit also to the archbishops of Cologne, and the establishment and development of the new powers was part of Engelbert's archiepiscopal strategy.

When Engelbert succeeded, the rights and territories of the archdiocese were in bad order, following a long period of civil unrest in Germany. He engaged himself at once in a series of campaigns and strategies to win them back and safeguard them, principally against the Dukes of Limburg and their allies the County of Cleves. Engelbert in turn set up alliances with Brabant and Namur.

Engelbert also defended his personal inheritance as Count of Berg against Duke Waleran III of Limburg. In 1218 Engelbert's elder brother Count Adolf VI of Berg died on the Fifth Crusade without a male heir. Waleran considered himself entitled to inherit the County of Berg because his son Henry was married to Irmgard of Berg, Adolf's only daughter. According to the Salic law, however, Engelbert was the heir. He won the dispute in two feuds. In 1220 a peace was concluded and Waleran's claim settled by the payment of a year's revenues.

Engelbert granted town privileges to many places, including Wipperfürth, Attendorn, Brilon, Siegen, Werl and Herford, Vianden, Hamm, Neuerburg and Manderscheid.

During his incumbency as archbishop, Engelbert continued to fight for the re-establishment and security of the Archdiocese of Cologne both as an ecclesiastical authority and also as a secular territory. (It was said of him that despite his personal piety he was more of a monarch than a churchman). Not only did he constantly battle, by all means necessary, for the secular well-being of the lands of the archdiocese, of which he may be counted the de facto founder as a significant state; he also took energetic measures for the effective regulation of the City of Cologne itself; and he was a zealous champion of the religious throughout his archdiocese.

Death

Memorial to the assassinated Archbishop in Gevelsberg

Engelbert earned the respect and affection of his subjects through his devotion to justice and his energy in maintaining law, and took great pains to ensure the well-being of the religious within his authority. However, his effectiveness in achieving his goals by all means necessary, including military action, his allegiance to the pope and the emperor, and his uncompromising defence of the law and the rights of religious persons and bodies, brought him into conflict with the nobility, including his own family, and this led to his death.

His cousin Count Frederick of Isenberg was vogt of Essen Abbey, and abused his position by defrauding the nuns. Engelbert was determined to protect the nuns' interests and sought to bring Frederick to justice. On 7 November 1225 while they travelled together to Cologne from a judicial hearing in Soest, Engelbert was killed, possibly by Frederick, in a defile near present-day Gevelsberg near Schwelm.

It seems probable that a group of disaffected nobility was behind the attack which may have been intended to take Engelbert captive rather than kill him.

Engelbert's body was taken to Cologne on a dung-cart, and when examined, found to have forty-seven wounds.

Veneration

Engelbert's body was buried in Cologne Cathedral on 24 February 1226 by order of Cardinal Conrad of Urach, the papal legate, who declared him a martyr because he had died in defence of nuns. He is venerated by many as a saint. His successor, Heinrich von Müllenark, commissioned Caesarius of Heisterbach to compose a biography, presumably in preparation for canonisation. The biography was written but he was never formally canonised. His remains are preserved today in a Baroque shrine prepared on the authority of Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, who in 1618 also ordered the celebration of his feast on 7 November.

References

This article is in part based on a translation of the article in the German Wikipedia

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Meier, Gabriel (1909). "St. Engelbert of Cologne". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

• Altenberger Blätter : Beiträge aus der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart Altenbergs (in German) (30). Odenthal-Altenberg: Katholische Pfarrgemeinde St. Mariä Himmelfahrt; Aktionskreis Altenberg e.V. OCLC 85642998. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) An article on the murder of Engelbert 1225

• Butler, Alban (1981) [1956]. "St. Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne, martyr". In Thurston, Herbert; Attwater, Donald (eds.). Butler's Lives of the saints. Vol. 4 (Complete ed.). Westminster, MD: Christian Classics. pp. 289–290. ISBN 9780870610455. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
• Jung, Jacqueline E. (2000). "From Jericho to Jerusalem: the violent transformation of Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne". In Bynum, Caroline Walker; Freedman, Paul H. (eds.). Last things : death and the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Middle Ages series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 60–82. ISBN 9780812217025. JSTOR j.ctt3fhkvs. Retrieved 2014-10-09.

External links

• Template:De icon Biography on genealogie-mittelalter.de
• Template:De icon 07. November 1225 from the Exhibition NRW 2000
• http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/76425
• Literature by and about Engelbert II of Berg in the German National Library catalogue
• Ausstellung NRW 2000: 7. November 1225 at the Wayback Machine (archived May 22, 2013)
• "Engelbert II of Berg" in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
• The death of Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne, poem by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff at Project Gutenberg
• Engelbert's shrine in Cologne Cathedral