Epifagus
| Epifagus virginiana | |
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| Genus: | Epifagus Nutt.
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| Species: | E. virginiana
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| Binomial name | |
| Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton
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Epifagus virginiana — commonly called beech drops (or beech-drops, or beechdrops) — is an obligate parasitic plant which grows and subsists on the roots of American beech. It is a member of the broomrape family. Epifagus is monotypic—containing only E. virginiana. The name Epifagus derives from Greek "epi" meaning "on" or "upon", and "Fagus" which is the genus name of beech.
Description
Beechdrops is an annual plant native to eastern North America.[1] It entirely lacks chlorophyll and produces many brown stems up to 30 cm tall on which it bears small white and purple flowers that appear in July through October. The flowers have tubular, zygomorphic, corollas ~8mm long containing a single style and four stamens. The dried flower stalks will persist throughout the winter.[2][3] The flowers on the lower parts of the plant are cleistogamous (self-pollinating) while the tops of the stems have chasmogamous (cross-pollinating) flowers which may be sterile.[4]
Beechdrops does contain very small alternate, scale like leaves, which are a vestigial structure from a common ancestor which was photosynthetic.[5]
Parasitism
Beechdrops parasitizes beech roots using a structure called a haustorium which collects all the nutrients that the plant uses in its life functions. It is not believed that the plant significantly harms beech trees.
Pollination
Prenolepis imparis, a species of ant, is known to pollinate beechdrops.[6]
References
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Epifagus virginiana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ "Native plant database". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ "Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart". Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ "Beechdrops". Illinois wild flowers. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ Rhoads, Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania (2 ed.). ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
- ^ Abbate, Campbell (January 2013). "Parasitic Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana): A Possible Ant-Pollinated Plant" (PDF). Southeastern naturalist. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)
