Etest
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Etest (previously known as the Epsilometer test) is a way of determining antimicrobial sensitivity by placing a strip impregnated with antimicrobials onto an agar plate. A strain of bacterium or fungus will not grow near a concentration of antibiotic or antifungal if it is sensitive. For some microbial and antimicrobial combinations, the results can be used to determine a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Etest is a proprietary system manufactured by bioMérieux. It is a laboratory test used in healthcare settings to help guide physicians by indicating what concentration of antimicrobial could successfully be used to treat patients' infections.[1]
Use
[edit]Etest is a quantitative technique for determining the antibiotic sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration (in μg/mL) of some bacteria including Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae,[2] Pseudomonas,[2][3][4] Burkholderia,[2][5] Staphylococcus,[6] and Enterococcus[7] species and fastidious bacteria, such as anaerobes, N. gonorrhoeae, S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus and Haemophilius species.[1] It can also be used to determine MICs against certain fungi.[8][9]
Procedure
[edit]Etest is a pre-prepared non-porous plastic reagent strip with a predefined gradient of antibiotic, covering a continuous concentration range. It is applied to the surface of an agar plate inoculated with the test strain, where there is release of the antimicrobial gradient from the plastic carrier to the agar to form a stable and continuous gradient beneath and in nearby to the strip.
The time taken for a plate to be ready depends on the bacterium that is being tested, and the conditions of the agar plate. The predefined Etest gradient remains stable for at least 18 to 24 hours; that is, a period that covers the critical times of many species of fastidious and non-fastidious organisms.
After the test, the bacterial growth becomes visible after incubation and a symmetrical inhibition ellipse centered along the strip is seen. The MIC value is read from the scale in terms of μg/mL where the ellipse edge intersects the strip. After the required incubation period, the minimum inhibitory value is read where the edge of the inhibition ellipse intersects the side of the strip. The plate should not be read if the culture appears mixed or if the lawn of growth is too light or too heavy.
Etest MIC endpoints are usually clear-cut although different growth/inhibition patterns may be seen depending on the antifungal or antibiotic used.[9]
Selection of agar medium
[edit]Etest can be used with many different kinds of AST agar medium as long as the medium supports good growth of the test organism and does not interfere with the activity of the antimicrobial agent. However, to maximise reproducibility, the medium chosen should fulfil the basic requirements for a susceptibility test medium. The following AST media are recommended for use with Etest:[citation needed]
- Aerobes: Mueller Hinton agar such as MHE (bioMérieux)
- Anaerobes: Brucella blood agar with appropriate supplements
These media may require supplemental nutrients to obtain enhanced growth of nutritionally fastidious organisms such as pneumococci, streptococci, Abiotrophia, Haemophilus, gonococci, meningococci and Campylobacter. In general, media recommendations from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are considered appropriate for Etest.
Availability
[edit]Etest products for more than 100 antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, antifungal agents and antimycobacterial agents are available. In addition, specific Etest products are available for the detection of specific resistance mechanisms [e.g. ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase), MBL (Metallo Beta-Lactamase), AmpC Beta-Lactamase and VISA/h VISA].
Etest has been FDA cleared and CE marked for many organisms by comparing to conventional broth/agar dilution reference methods and shown to have excellent correlation.
Etest equipment
[edit]The Etest family of instruments is designed to simplify the daily use of Etest. Simplex C76, Nema C88, and Retro C80 are easy to use, reducing operator fatigue, saving time and improving the quality of results by increasing reproducibility. Etest and related instruments offer one of the most efficient methods for generating on-scale MIC values across 15 doubling dilutions for susceptibility testing of a wide range of drug-bug combinations, including fastidious organisms.
- Simplex C76 automates the placement of 1 to 6 different Etest strips to simplify the setup of MIC panels. Application of up to 6 strips for large agar plates or up to 2 strips on small plates takes <12 seconds.
- Retro C80 is a rota-plater that simplifies and standardizes the inoculation of small and large agar plates making Etest® easier to read when compared to manual streaking.
- Nema C88 is a vacuum pen that simplifies the application of Etest® strips. The applicator is held like a pen and the evacuation hole is covered with the fingertip to create suction. The suction cup is placed on the strip to lift it up and then position onto the agar surface. The strip is released by removing the finger tip from the evacuation hole.
History
[edit]The Etest strip was first described in 1988 and was introduced commercially in 1991 by AB BIODISK. bioMérieux acquired AB BIODISK in 2008 and continues to manufacture and market this product range under the mark Etest.
During the 1950s, Hans Ericsson (Professor of microbiology at the Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm), the scientific founder of AB BIODISK, developed a method to standardize the disk diffusion test and to improve its reproducibility and reliability for clinical susceptibility predictions. The inhibition zone sizes from disk test results were compared to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values based on the reference agar dilution procedure. The correlation between zone sizes and MIC values was then assessed using regression analysis and regression lines were used for extrapolating zone interpretive limits that corresponded to the MIC breakpoint values that defined susceptible, intermediate and resistant categorical results.
Etest was first presented at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) in Los Angeles in 1988 as a novel gradient concept for MIC determinations. In September 1991, Etest was launched globally as a MIC product after receiving the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b bioMérieux. "ETEST®". www.biomerieux-usa.com. bioMérieux. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c Goldstein FW, Ly A, Kitzis MD (May 2007). "Comparison of Etest with agar dilution for testing the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other multidrug-resistant bacteria to colistin". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 59 (5): 1039–1040. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm046. PMID 17437963.
- ^ Joyce LF, Downes J, Stockman K, Andrew JH (October 1992). "Comparison of five methods, including the PDM Epsilometer test (E test), for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (10): 2709–2713. doi:10.1128/JCM.30.10.2709-2713.1992. PMC 270503. PMID 1400972.
- ^ Morosini MI, García-Castillo M, Loza E, Pérez-Vázquez M, Baquero F, Cantón R (September 2005). "Breakpoints for predicting Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility to inhaled tobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients: use of high-range Etest strips". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (9): 4480–4485. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4480-4485.2005. PMC 1234086. PMID 16145095.
- ^ Lonsway DR, Elrod MG, Kendrick N, Tiller R, Sullivan MM, Edwards JR, Blaney DD, Karlsson M (April 2020). "Correlation between Etest and reference broth microdilution for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Burkholderia pseudomallei". Microbial Drug Resistance. 26 (4): 311–318. doi:10.1089/mdr.2019.0260. PMID 31596673. S2CID 204029543.
- ^ Cantón R, Livermore DM, Morosini MI, Díaz-Regañón J, Rossolini GM, et al. (February 2017). "Etest® versus broth microdilution for ceftaroline MIC determination with Staphylococcus aureus: results from PREMIUM, a European multicentre study". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 72 (2): 431–436. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw442. hdl:10447/417933. PMID 27798220.
- ^ Conceição N, Rodrigues WF, De Oliveira KL, Da Silva LE, De Souza LR, et al. (September 2020). "Beta-lactams susceptibility testing of penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis isolates: a comparative assessment of Etest and disk diffusion methods against broth dilution". Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 19 (1): Article 43. doi:10.1186/s12941-020-00386-8. PMC 7495893. PMID 32943051.
- ^ Chang, Hsein Chang; Chang, Jui Jung; Chan, Shih Huang; Huang, Ay Huey; Wu, Tsu Lan; Lin, Miao Chu; Chang, Tsung Chain (April 2001). "Evaluation of Etest for direct antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts in positive blood cultures". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (4): 1328–1333. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.4.1328-1333.2001. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 87934. PMID 11283051.
- ^ a b "Antifungal susceptibility testing" (PDF). www.biomerieux-industry.com/. bioMérieux. February 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2021.