Euglenales

Euglenales
	Euglena mutabilis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Euglenida
Clade:	Euglenophyceae
Order:	Euglenales; F.Stein, 1878
Families
	Euglenaceae; Phacaceae;

Euglenales (also known as Euglenida) is an order of flagellates in the phylum Euglenozoa. The family includes the most well-known euglenoid genus, Euglena, as well as other common genera like Phacus and Lepocinclis.^[1]

Nomenclature

The order Euglenales is also known by the name Euglenida. The origin of this dual naming system is because of the history of protists. Euglenids have been treated as both algae and protozoans, which are governed by separate nomenclature codes.^[2] If classified as an alga, it would fall under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and its correct name would be Euglenales; if classified as a protozoan, it would fall under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and would be called Euglenida.^[1] Euglenids such as these are considered to be ambiregnal protists due to their parallel naming systems.^[2]

Description

Euglenales consists mostly of freshwater organisms, in contrast to its sister Eutreptiales which is generally marine. Cells have two flagella, but only one is emergent; the other is very short and does not emerge from the cell, so cells appear to have only one flagellum.^[3] In comparison, Eutreptiales is characterized by two emergent flagella.^[4]

Phylogeny

In its current circumscription, Euglenales is monophyletic, consisting of two sister clades corresponding to Euglenaceae and Phacaceae.^[5]

A cladogram representing the phylogenetic relationships is shown below:^[1]

Photosynthetic euglenoids

Euglenales

	Euglenaceae

	Phacaceae

Eutreptiales

Rapazida

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Votýpka, Jan; Tashyreva, Daria; MacIszewski, Kacper; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Lukeš, Julius (2021). "Euglenozoa: Taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3): 200407. doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
^ ^a ^b Patterson, David J.; Larsen, Jacob (1992). "A Perspective on Protistan Nomenclature". The Journal of Protozoology. 39: 125–131. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01292.x.
^ Triemer, Richard E.; Zakryś, Bożena (2014). "Chapter 10. Photosynthetic Euglenoids". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification (2 ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
^ Yamaguchi, Aika; Yubuki, Naoji; Leander, Brian S. (2012). "Morphostasis in a novel eukaryote illuminates the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to phototrophy: Description of Rapaza viridis n. gen. et sp. (Euglenozoa, Euglenida)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12: 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-29. PMC 3374381. PMID 22401606.
^ Kim, Jong Im; Linton, Eric W.; Shin, Woongghi (2015). "Taxon-rich multigene phylogeny of the photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenophyceae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 3. doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00098.

[Kostygov_2021-1] Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Votýpka, Jan; Tashyreva, Daria; MacIszewski, Kacper; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Lukeš, Julius (2021). "Euglenozoa: Taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3): 200407. doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.

[Patterson-2] Patterson, David J.; Larsen, Jacob (1992). "A Perspective on Protistan Nomenclature". The Journal of Protozoology. 39: 125–131. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01292.x.

[3] Triemer, Richard E.; Zakryś, Bożena (2014). "Chapter 10. Photosynthetic Euglenoids". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification (2 ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.

[4] Yamaguchi, Aika; Yubuki, Naoji; Leander, Brian S. (2012). "Morphostasis in a novel eukaryote illuminates the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to phototrophy: Description of Rapaza viridis n. gen. et sp. (Euglenozoa, Euglenida)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12: 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-29. PMC 3374381. PMID 22401606.

[5] Kim, Jong Im; Linton, Eric W.; Shin, Woongghi (2015). "Taxon-rich multigene phylogeny of the photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenophyceae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 3. doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00098.

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