Existential crisis
An existential crisis is a moment at which an individual questions the very foundations of their life: whether this life has any meaning, purpose, or value.[1] This issue of the meaning and purpose of existence is the topic of the philosophical school of existentialism.
Description
 | This section possibly contains original research. (March 2016) |
An existential crisis may result from, be a misdiagnosis of, or be comorbid with:[citation needed]
- Major depressive disorder
- Major sleep deprivation
- Prolonged isolation
- Dissatisfaction with one's life
- Major psychological trauma
- The sense of being alone and isolated in the world;
- A new-found grasp or appreciation of one's mortality, perhaps following diagnosis of a major health concern such as a terminal illness;
- Believing that one's life has no purpose or external meaning;
- Searching for the meaning of life;
- Shattering of one's sense of reality, or how the world is;
- An extremely pleasurable or hurtful experience that leaves one seeking meaning;
An existential crisis is often provoked by a significant event in the person's life—psychological trauma, marriage, separation, major loss, the death of a loved one, a life-threatening experience, a new love partner, psychoactive drug use, adult children leaving home, reaching a personally significant age (turning 16, turning 40, etc.), etc.[citation needed] Usually, it provokes the sufferer's introspection about personal mortality, thus revealing the psychological repression of said awareness.[citation needed]
An existential crisis may resemble anomie (a personal condition resulting from a lack of norms) or a midlife crisis.[citation needed] An existential crisis may stem from one's new perception of life and existence.[citation needed] Analogously, existentialism posits that a person can and does define the meaning and purpose of his or her life, and therefore must choose to resolve the crisis of existence.[citation needed]
In existentialist philosophy, the term 'existential crisis' specifically relates to the crisis of the individual when they realize that they must always define their own lives through the choices they make. The existential crisis occurs when one recognizes that even the decision to either refrain from action or withhold assent to a particular choice is, in itself, a choice. In other words, humankind is "condemned" to freedom.[2] It can also be noted that once one is out of an existential crisis, they are easily able to get into another, or aren't completely out of it.
Handling
Existential crisis is considered by many to be a direct consequence of depression.
Peter Wessel Zapffe, a Norwegian philosopher and adherent of nihilism and antinatalism, asserted in his book, The Last Messiah, four ways that he believed all self-conscious beings use in order to cope with their apprehension of indifference and absurdity in existence, comprising "anchoring", "isolation", "distraction", and "sublimation":[3]
- Anchoring is the "fixation of points within, or construction of walls around, the liquid fray of consciousness". The anchoring mechanism provides individuals with a value or an ideal that allows them to focus their attentions in a consistent manner. Zapffe also applied the anchoring principle to society, and stated "God, the Church, the State, morality, fate, the laws of life, the people, the future" are all examples of collective primary anchoring firmaments.
- Isolation is "a fully arbitrary dismissal from consciousness of all disturbing and destructive thought and feeling".
- Distraction occurs when "one limits attention to the critical bounds by constantly enthralling it with impressions". Distraction focuses all of one's energy on a task or idea to prevent the mind from turning in on itself.
- Sublimation is the refocusing of energy away from negative outlets, toward positive ones. The individual distances themself and looks at their existence from an aesthetic point of view (e.g. writers, poets, painters). Zapffe himself pointed out that his written works were the product of sublimation.
Intense vipassana meditation will usually bring about a set of experiences, referred to as the "dark night of the soul" by Western spiritual traditions, that resemble the typical symptoms of an existential crisis.[4] During the "dark night", meditators become severely discouraged in regard to practice and life in general, although continuing meditation is said to be the way to overcome this difficult stage.
A short-term and non-clinical study found that a dose of acetaminophen can reduce some aspects of existential anxiety.[5]
Cultural contexts
In the 19th century, Kierkegaard considered that angst and existential despair would appear when an inherited or borrowed world-view (often of a collective nature) proved unable to handle unexpected and extreme life-experiences.[6] Nietzsche extended his views to suggest that the so-called Death of God—the loss of collective faith in religion and traditional morality—created a more widespread existential crisis for the philosophically aware.[7]
Existential crisis has indeed been seen as the inevitable accompaniment of modernism (c.1890–1945).[8] Whereas Durkheim saw individual crises as the byproduct of social pathology and a (partial) lack of collective norms,[9] others have seen existentialism as arising more broadly from the modernist crisis of the loss of meaning throughout the modern world.[10] Its twin answers were either a religion revivified by the experience of anomie (as with Martin Buber), or an individualistic existentialism based on facing directly the absurd contingency of human fate within a meaningless and alien universe, as with Sartre and Camus.[11]
Fredric Jameson has suggested that postmodernism with its saturation of social space by a visual consumer culture has replaced the modernist angst of the traditional subject, and with it the existential crisis of old, by a new social pathology of flattened affect and a fragmented subject.[12]
Literary examples
Prince Hamlet experiences an existential crisis as a result of the death of his father. This is shown especially by Shakespeare in the famous soliloquy which starts, "To be, or not to be: that is the question...".[13]
Other examples are Wise Blood by Flannery O'Connor, Franny & Zooey by J. D. Salinger, and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.
See also
References
- ^ Richard K. James, Crisis intervention strategies
- ^ Flynn, Thomas. "Jean-Paul Sartre". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ Zapffe, Peter Wessel, "The Last Messiah". Philosophy Now. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ Henk Barendregt, "Buddhist Phenomenology I & II". Archived May 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Randles, D., Heine, S. J., & Santos, N. (2013). The Common Pain of Surrealism and Death Acetaminophen Reduces Compensatory Affirmation Following Meaning Threats. Psychological science, 24(6), 966-973.
- ^ S. Kierkegaard, The Sickness unto Death (1980) p. 41
- ^ Albert Camus, The Rebel (Vintage 1950[?]) p. 66-77
- ^ M. Hardt/K. Weeks, The Jameson Reader (2000) p. 197
- ^ E. Durkeheim, Suicide (1952) p. 214 and p. 382
- ^ M. Hardt/K. Weeks, The Jameson Reader (2000) p. 265
- ^ J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (1995) p. 103-4
- ^ M. Hardt/K. Weeks, The Jameson Reader (2000) p. 267-8 and p. 199-200
- ^ Thomas E. Wartenberg, Existentialism, p. 1
Further reading
- J. Watson, Caring Science as Sacred Science 2005. Chapter 4: "Existential Crisis in Science and Human Sciences".
- T.M. Cousineau, A. Seibring, M.T. Barnard, P-673 Making meaning of infertility: Existential crisis or personal transformation? Fertility and Sterility, 2006.
- Sanders, Marc, Existential Depression. How to recognize and cure life-related sadness in gifted people, 2013.