Fort Madison, Iowa

Fort Madison, Iowa
City
Downtown Fort Madison, 2007
Location of Fort Madison, Iowa
Country	United States
State	Iowa
County	Lee
Area
• Total	13.0 sq mi (33.5 km2)
• Land	9.2 sq mi (23.9 km2)
• Water	3.7 sq mi (9.7 km2)
Elevation	528 ft (161 m)
Population  (2000)
• Total	10,715
• Density	1,162.9/sq mi (449.0/km2)
Time zone	UTC-6 (Central (CST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code	52627
Area code	319
FIPS code	19-28605
GNIS feature ID	0456689

Fort Madison, situated on the Mississippi River, is a city in and one of the county seats of Lee County, Iowa, United States.Template:GR The other county seat is Keokuk. The population was 10,715 at the 2000 census. Fort Madison and Keokuk are principal cities of the Fort Madison–Keokuk Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lee County, Iowa and Clark County, Missouri.

Attractions

Fort Madison was the location of the first U.S. military fort in the upper Mississippi region, a replica fort stands along the river. Sheaffer Pens were developed and made in Fort Madison for many years. The city is home to the Iowa State Penitentiary - the state's maximum security prison for men. Fort Madison is the Mississippi river crossing and station stop for Amtrak's Southwest Chief. Fort Madison has the last remaining double swing-span bridge on the Mississippi River, the Fort Madison Toll Bridge. It has a top level for cars and a bottom level for trains; it is also the world's largest.[1] The Fort Madison Downtown Commercial Historic District is a collection of well-preserved historic storefronts from the late 19th century. [2]

The Original Fort Madison (1808-1813)

Old Fort Madison Site
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Monument marking the location of Fort Madison.
Nearest city	Fort Madison, Iowa
Built	1808
NRHP reference No.	73000734
Added to NRHP	May 07, 1973

The city of Fort Madison was built around the site of the original Fort Madison (1808-1813), the first permanent U.S. military fortification on the Upper Mississippi, the site of Black Hawk’s first battle against U.S. troops, the scene of the only real War of 1812 battle fought west of the Mississippi, and the location of the first U.S. military cemetery in the upper Midwest.

The original Fort Madison was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Fort Madison was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. The other two posts were Fort Belle Fontaine near Saint Louis, which controlled the mouth of the Missouri, and Fort Osage, near what is now Kansas City, which controlled trade with western Native American tribes.

Location of the fort

A disputed 1804 treaty with the Sauk and affiliated tribes led to the U.S. claim of control over western Illinois and parts of what are now Iowa. To establish control over these territories, The U.S. Army set out to construct a post near the mouth of the Des Moines River, a major trading route into the interior of Iowa. Not finding suitable land near the mouth of the Des Moines, the expedition also considered land near Quashquame’s Sauk and Meskwaki village at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, a choke point of trade and transportation on the Upper Mississippi below modern Montrose. Again, this land was not considered suitable for a fort, and several miles upstream the Army settled on a spot land at what is now the city of Fort Madison.

First called Fort Belleview, this post was soon deemed inadequate; it was poorly situated at the base of a bluff next to a deep ravine, locations where enemies could safely fire at the fort. Trade led to resentment among Indians, especially the Sauk; the 1804 treaty was considered invalid by the Sauk, the fort threatened established trading networks, and American trade goods were considered inferior to French or British goods.

Plans of the original Fort Madison drawn 1810 by the trading post factor, John Johnson.

Black Hawk lamented the new fort, and disparaged its construction in his autobiography:

A number of people immediately went down to see what was going on, myself among them. On our arrival we found that they were building a fort. The soldiers were busily engaged in cutting timber, and I observed that they took their arms with them when they went to the woods. The whole party acted as they would do in an enemy's country. The chiefs held a council with the officers, or head men of the party, which I did not attend, but understood from them that the war chief had said that they were building homes for a trader who was coming there to live, and would sell us goods very cheap, and that the soldiers were to remain to keep him company. We were pleased at this information ad hoped that it was all true, but we were not so credulous as to believe that all these buildings were intended merely for the accommodation of a trader. Being distrustful of their intentions, we were anxious for them to leave off building and go back down the river.

—Black Hawk, Autobiography (1882)

Attacks on Fort Madison

Almost from the beginning, the fort was attacked by Sauk and other tribes, U.S. troops were harassed when they left the fort, and in April 1809 an attempted storming of the fort was stopped only by threat of cannon fire.

During its existence, several improvements were made to the fort, including reinforcing and making the stockade higher, extending the fort to a nearby bluff to provide cover to the fort below, and the construction of additional blockhouses outside the stockade. These improvements could not fully compensate for the poor location of the fort, and it was attacked again in March 1812, and it was the focus of a coordinated siege in September 1812. The September siege was intense, and the fort was nearly overrun. Significant damage resulted to fort-related buildings and the attack was only stopped when cannon fire destroyed a fortified Indian position. Black Hawk participated in the siege, and claims to have personally shot the fort’s U.S. flag down.

Final 1813 siege

As the War of 1812 expanded to the frontiers, British-allied Sauk and other tribes began a determined effort to push out the U.S. troops and reclaim control of the upper Mississippi. Beginning in July 1813 attacks on troops outside the fort led to a siege. Soon things were so dangerous that the bodies of soldiers killed in action outside the fort could not be recovered right away, and troops could not leave the fort to collect firewood. Outbuildings were intentionally burned to prevent them from falling into Indian hands.

After weeks of paralyzing siege, the Army abandoned the post, burning it as they evacuated, fleeing in the dark through a trench or tunnel to the river, where they escaped on boats. The exact date of abandonment is unknown, much of the military correspondence from this chaotic period of the war is missing, but it probably occurred in September 1813. Black Hawk observed the ruins of the fort soon after it was abandoned. “We started in canoes, and descended the Mississippi, until we arrived near the place where Fort Madison had stood. It had been abandoned and burned by the whites, and nothing remained but the chimneys. We were pleased to see that the white people had retired from the country.”

Fort ruins and archaeology

Early settlers noted the ruins of the forts, and the town of Fort Madison that grew up around them was named for the fort. A large monument was erected in the early 20th century at the fort location. Archaeological excavations in the parking lot of the Sheaffer Pen Company factory in 1965 exposed the preserved central blockhouse of the fort, as well as the foundations of officers’ quarters. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. A replica fort was built several blocks away, much of the labor was supplied by volunteer inmates at the nearby Iowa State Penitentiary.

Preservation and threats to the fort site

The fort site is now the subject of preservation efforts. After the Sheaffer Pen factory closed in 2007 the site was sold to developers. Arguing that Fort Madison is “Iowa’s most important historical site”, preservationist want to convert the parking lot into a memorial park dedicated to soldiers killed at the fort. So far, no agreement has been reached for preservation.

Geography

The City of Fort Madison is located at 40°37′43″N 91°20′20″W (40.628588, -91.339005)Template:GR.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.9 square miles (33.5 km²), of which, 9.2 square miles (23.9 km²) of it is land and 3.7 square miles (9.7 km²) of it (28.88%) is water.

Fort Madison is famous for the Tri-State Rodeo & the Mexican Fiesta

Demographics

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 10,715 people, 4,617 households, and 2,876 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,162.9 people per square mile (449.2/km²). There were 5,106 housing units at an average density of 554.2/sq mi (214.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.64% White, 2.67% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.36% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% of the population.

There were 4,617 households out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,318, and the median income for a family was $42,067. Males had a median income of $32,530 versus $21,170 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,124. About 9.8% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Ft. Madison has a campus of Southeastern Community College (Iowa).There are three elementary, one middle school, and one high school in the Fort Madison Community School District

Further reading

• Black Hawk (1882) Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. Edited by J. B. Patterson. Continental Printing, St. Louis. Originally published 1833.
• Jackson, Donald (1958) Old Fort Madison 1808–1813. Palimpsest 39(1).
• Jackson, Donald (1960) A Critic’s View of Old Fort Madison. Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1):31–36.
• Jackson, Donald (1966) Old Fort Madison 1808–1813. Palimpsest 47(1).
• Prucha, Francis P. (1964) A Guide to the Military Posts of the United States 1789–1895. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
• Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846. Macmillan, New York.
• McKusick, Marshall B. (1965) Discovering an Ancient Iowa Fort. Iowa Conservationist 24(1):6–7.
• McKusick, Marshall B. (1966) Exploring Old Fort Madison and Old Fort Atkinson. Iowan Magazine 15:12–51.
• Van der Zee, Jacob (1913) Old Fort Madison: Some Source Materials. Iowa Journal of History and Politics 11:517–545.
• Van der Zee, Jacob (1914) Forts in the Iowa County. Iowa Journal of History and Politics 12:163–204.
• Van der Zee, Jacob (1918) Old Fort Madison: Early Wars on the Eastern Border of the Iowa Country. Iowa and War 7:1–40, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City.

External links

• Lee County Page on Fort Madison
• Old Fort Madison Museum
• Save Fort Madison Website