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Gail Halvorsen
Halvorsen in uniform while at an air force base in Germany
Halvorsen at an air force base in Germany, October 2005
Birth nameGail Seymour Halvorsen
Nickname(s)"Rosinenbomber" ("Candy Bomber"),
"Onkel Wackelflügel" ("Uncle Wiggly Wings"),
"Der Schokoladenflieger" ("Chocolate Flier")
Born (1920-10-10) October 10, 1920 (age 104)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branch United States Army Air Forces
Years of service1942−1974
Rank Colonel
Battles / warsWorld War II
Berlin airlift
AwardsCongressional Gold Medal
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Spouse(s)Alta Jolley (1949–99; her death)
Lorraine Pace (2004–present)

Colonel Gail Seymour "Hal" Halvorsen (born October 10, 1920) is a retired officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force.[1] He is best known as the "Berlin Candy Bomber" who dropped candy to children during the Berlin airlift from 1948 to 1949.

Halvorsen grew up in rural Utah but always had a desire to fly. He earned his private pilot's license in 1941 and then joined the Civil Air Patrol.[2] He joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1942 and was assigned to Germany on July 10, 1948 to be a pilot for the Berlin Airlift.[3] Halvorsen piloted C-47s and C-54s during the Berlin airlift ("Operation Vittles"). During that time he founded "Operation Little Vittles", an effort to raise morale in Berlin by dropping candy via miniature parachute to the city's residents. Halvorsen began "Little Vittles" with no authorization from his superiors but over the next year became a national hero with support from all over the United States.[4] Halvorsen's operation dropped over 23 tons of candy to the residents of Berlin.[5] He became known as the "Berlin Candy Bomber", "Uncle Wiggly Wings", and "The Chocolate Flier".[6]

Halvorsen has received numerous awards for his role in "Operation Little Vittles", including the Congressional Gold Medal.[7] However, "Little Vittles" was not the end of Halvorsen's military and humanitarian career. Over the next 25 years Halvorsen advocated for and performed candy drops in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Japan, Guam, and Iraq.[8] Halverson's professional career included various notable positions. He helped to develop reusable manned aircraft at the Directorate of Space and Technology and served as commander of the Templehof Airport.[9] He retired in August 1974 after logging over 8,000 flying hours.[9]

Early life

Gail Seymour Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 10, 1920 to Basil K. and Luella Spencer Halvorsen.[10] He grew up on small farms first in Rigby, Idaho and then in Garland, Utah.[6] He graduated from Bear River High School in 1939 and then briefly attended Utah State University.[3] He went on to earn his private pilot license under the non-college Civilian Pilot Training Program in September 1941, and at about the same time joined the Civil Air Patrol as a pilot.[11] Halvorsen joined the United States Army Air Corps in May 1942[3] and was 22 when he arrived in Miami to train with 25 Royal Air Force pilots at the No. 3 British Flying Training School, a branch of the Spartan School of Aeronautics.[3] After fighter pilot training with the RAF, he returned to the Army Air Corps and was assigned flight duties in foreign transport operations in the South Atlantic Theater.[3] He was ordered to Germany on July 10, 1948 to be a pilot for "Operation Vittles" known now as the Berlin Airlift.[3]

Operation "Little Vittles"

Main article: Berlin Blockade
Halvorsen sitting on cot in barracks surrounded by handkerchiefs to be made into parachutes
Halvorsen, who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles".

Lieutenant Halvorsen's role in the Berlin Airlift was to fly one of many C-54 cargo planes used to ferry supplies into the starving city.[12] During his flights he would first fly to Berlin, then deeper into Soviet-controlled areas. Halverson had an interest in photography and on his days off often went sightseeing in Berlin and shot film on his personal handheld movie camera.[3] One day in July, he was filming plane takeoffs and landings at Tempelhof, the main landing site for the airlift. While there, he saw about thirty children lined up behind one of the barbed-wire fences. He went to meet them and noticed that the children had nothing. Halvorsen remembers: "I met about thirty children at the barbed wire fence that protected Tempelhof's huge area. They were excited and told me that 'when the weather gets so bad that you can't land, don't worry about us. We can get by on a little food, but if we lose our freedom, we may never get it back.'"[13] Touched, Halvorsen reached into his pocket and took out two sticks of gum to give to the children. The kids broke it into little pieces and shared it; the ones who did not get any sniffed the wrappers.[1] Watching the children, so many of whom had absolutely nothing, Halvorsen regretted not having more to give them.[14] Halvorsen recorded that he wanted to do more for the children, and so told them that the following day he would have enough gum for all of them, and he would drop it out of his plane. According to Halvorsen, one child asked "How will we know it is your plane?" to which Halvorsen responded that he would wiggle his wings, something he had done for his parents when he first got his pilot's license in 1941.[15]

That night Halverson, his copilot, and his engineer pooled their candy rations for the next day's drop. The accumulated candy was heavy, so in order to ensure the children were not hurt by the falling candy, Halvorsen made three parachutes out of handkerchiefs and tied them to the rations.[16] In the morning when Halverson and his crew made regular supply drops, they also dropped three boxes of candy attached to handkerchiefs. They made these drops once a week for three weeks. Each week, the group of children waiting at the Tempelhof airport fence grew significantly.[17]

When word reached the airlift commander, Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, he ordered it expanded into Operation "Little Vittles," a play on the airlift's name of Operation Vittles.[18] Operation Little Vittles began officially on September 22, 1948.[4] Support for this effort to provide the children of Berlin with chocolate and gum grew quickly, first among Halvorsen's buddies, then to the whole squadron.[16] As news of Operation Little Vittles reached the United States, children and candymakers from all over the US began contributing candy.[19] By November 1948, Halvorsen could no longer keep up with the amount of candy and handkerchiefs being sent from across America.[16] College student Mary C. Connors of Chicopee, Massachusetts offered to take charge of the now national project and worked with the National Confectioner's Association to prepare the candy and tie the handkerchiefs.[20] With the groundswell of support, Little Vittles pilots, of which Halvorsen was now one of many, were dropping candy every other day. Children all over Berlin had sweets, and more and more artwork was getting sent back with kind letters attached to them.[21] The American candy bombers became known as the Rosinenbomber (Raisin Bombers), while Halvorsen himself became known by many nicknames to the children of Berlin, including his original moniker of "Uncle Wiggly Wings," as well as "The Chocolate Uncle", "The Gum Drop Kid" and "The Chocolate Flier."[22]

Operation "Little Vittles" was in effect from September 22, 1948 to May 13, 1949.[4] Although Lieutenant Halvorsen returned home in January 1949, he passed on leadership of the operation to one of his friends, Captain Lawrence Caskey.[23] Upon his return home, Halvorsen met with several individuals who were key in making Operation "Little Vittles" a success. Halvorsen personally thanked his biggest supporter Dorothy Groeger, a homebound woman who nonetheless enlisted the help of all of her friends and acquaintances to sew handkerchiefs and donate funds.[24] He also met the schoolchildren and "Little Vittles" committee of Chicopee, Massachusetts who were responsible for preparing over 18 tons of candy and gum from across the country and shipping it to Germany.[25][26] In total, it is estimated that Operation "Little Vittles" was responsible for dropping over 23 tons of candy from over 250,000 parachutes.[5]

Professional career

Halvorsen in full uniform in 1983
Gail Halvorsen ca. 1983

After returning home in January 1949, Halvorsen considered the idea of leaving the air force. He changed his mind, however, when he was offered a permanent commission with full pay and the promise that the air force would send him to school.[27] In 1951 and 1952 he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Florida as an assignment from the Air Force Institute of Technology.[28] He went on to be the project engineer for cargo aircraft research and development with the Wright Air Development Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Hill Air Force Base from 1952 to 1957.[9] Halvorsen was reassigned in 1957 to the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He was there until 1958, when he was assigned at the Air Force Space Systems Division of Air Force Systems Command in Inglewood, California. While on this assignment, Halvorsen researched and developed various space projects. The most notable of these was the Titan III launch vehicle program, which he chaired source selection.[29] Halvorsen would serve as part of Air Force Systems Command for the next four years.[30]

From 1962 to 1965, Halvorsen served in Wiesbaden, West Germany, with the Foreign Technology division of AF Systems Command.[9] He was next assigned to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research and Development, HQ USAF, the Pentagon, and in the Directorate of Space and Technology.[9] He developed plans for the advanced manned reusable spacecraft, space policy and procedures, and on the Manned Orbital Laboratory Project.[9] He then was given the command of the 659th Instrumentation Squadron of the AF Systems Command Satellite Control Facility, Vandenberg AFB, California, which was involved in both satellite launch and orbit operations.[9]

Halvorsen then became the Commander of the 7350th Air Base Group at Templehof Central Airport, Berlin, Germany, in February 1970.[31] It was the very same airfield he flew to daily during the Berlin Airlift. During this period, he also served as the US Air Force Europe Representative in Berlin, as well as completing a master's degree in Guidance and Counseling from Wayne State University through an on-base educational program.[9] His final assignment was as the Inspector General, Ogden Air Materiel Center, Hill AFB, Utah.[32] Halvorsen retired on August 31, 1974, having accumulated over 8,000 flying hours and 31 years of military service.[9]

Personal life

Colonel Halvorsen's work with Operation "Little Vittles" not only won him international acclaim, but "drew him two proposals" according to one U.S. newspaper.[33] He turned both of them down, hoping that the girl he left home in Garland, Utah would still have feelings for him. Halvorsen had met Alta Jolley in 1942 at Utah State Agricultural College. After Halvorsen left for Germany, the couple carried on their courtship via mail.[34] Gail Halvorsen and Alta Jolley were married in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 16, 1949.[35] The Halvorsens had five children, all of whom were raised in various parts of the United States and Germany as Halvorsen fulfilled his military assignments.[36] After Colonel Halvorsen's retirement in 1974, the couple moved to Provo, Utah. From 1976 until 1986 Halvorsen served as the Assistant Dean of Student Life at Brigham Young University.[8] Alta and Halvorsen were both active in the LDS church. They served as missionaries for the church from 1986 to 1987 in London, England and again from 1995 to 1997 in St. Petersburg, Russia.[36] Alta died on January 25, 1999, at which time the couple had 24 grandchildren.[36] Five years later, Halvorsen married again, this time to his high school sweetheart, Lorraine Pace.[37] The couple currently resides in Spanish Fork, Utah on their farm, and spend winters in Arizona.[38]

Legacy

Halvorsen's life, and especially his work with Operation "Little Vittles", had a profound impact on many, many lives both in the United States and throughout the world.[39] After his official retirement in 1974, Halvorsen continued to serve the local, national, and international community in a variety of ways.[30]

Awards

In 1949 Halvorsen received the Cheney Air Force Award from General Hoyt S. Vandenberg for the inception of Operation 'Little Vittles'.[40] Other prominent awards include the Legion of Merit, Ira Baker "Fellow" Award by the USAF Chief of Staff General John Dale Ryan; Air Force Sergeants Association "Americanism" Award (some previous recipients were Bob Hope and President George Bush); Freedom Award from City of Provo, Utah; The Distinguished Humanitarian Award from the Institute of German Relations; the Eric Warburg Pries, 1998;[41] and the Patriot Award from Brigham Young University ROTC.[8] In 2014, Halvorsen became a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award that Congress can give to a civilian.[38] He was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Hall of Fame and the Utah Aviation Hall of Fame in May 2001.[42] The United States Air Force has helped cement Colonel Halvorsen's airlift legacy by naming its next generation, 25,000-pound capacity aircraft loading vehicle in his honor.[43] The Air Force has also created the Col. Gail Halvorsen Award for outstanding air transportation support in the logistics readiness career field.[44] In 2008, Halvorsen was honored as Grand Marshal of the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City, where he was celebrated by tens of thousands of spectators on Fifth Avenue.[45]

Halvorsen's actions during the Berlin Airlift had a substantial impact on German-American relations in the years to come. For his efforts, he has also been extensively honored by the German people. In 1974 he was decorated with the Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz (Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany), Germany's highest award.[46] In 2015 he was awarded the General Lucius D. Clay medal by the Federation of German-American Clubs. The medal is the highest honor granted to an individual who has contributed significantly to the development of German-American relations.[47] In addition, he has had numerous German schools named in his honor, including a secondary school in Berlin and the Gail S. Halvorsen Elementary school at Rhein-Main Air Base, Frankfurt, Germany.[48][49] He has appeared many times on German television over the years, often paired with some of the children (now adults) who received his candy parachutes. On February 8, 2002 for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, he carried the German national placard into the Rice-Eccles Stadium.[50] He has also appeared extensively on American television and movies. In 1992, then Brigham Young University Student Michael Van Wagenen produced a 7-minute work entitled "The Candy Bomber", which was later made into a full-length film.[51] In 2012 Halvorsen's story became the theme of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir Christmas concert, entitled Christmas from Heaven and narrated by Tom Brokaw.[52]

Humanitarian work

During Halvorsen 's career and for several years following his retirement, he voluntarily represented the U.S. Air Force and the United States of America. He helped to re-enact one of his famous candy drops in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Berlin Airlift. The event was held at the Tempelhof Central Airport with over 40,000 people in attendance.[53] Another re-enactment occurred in September 1989 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the airlift. Halvorsen again participated, this time with a television team from Good Morning America, and dropped candy to Berlin children, including some of the grandchildren of those he had originally given chocolate to.[9] Additional re-enactments were performed in 1993 and 1994.[9] In 1998, he was part of the regular flight crew of the C-54 "Spirit of Freedom" and took part in a 71-day European tour. The tour included two Atlantic Ocean crossings in the then 53-year-old airplane. During the tour, he and several other Airlift Veterans (also members of the crew) took part in ceremonies in Germany, France, and the UK commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Airlift.[54] Halvorsen also performed multiple candy drops throughout the United States.[50][55]

Halvorsen did not want to merely re-enact the candy drop to countries no longer plagued by war. In later years he advocated using candy drops to lift spirits and promote goodwill in other nations. In 1994 he persuaded the air force to let him drop hundreds of candy bars over Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of Operation Provide Promise.[56] Another, larger drop was planned and executed by Halvorsen over Kosovo in 1999.[57] Additional candy drops have been enacted in Japan, Guam, Albania, and across the United States.[8] In 2003 and 2004, he advocated a similar series of candy drops over Baghdad as a humanitarian mission to be a "ray of hope, a symbol that somebody in America cares."[58] Since that time, the United States military has emulated some of his actions in Iraq by dropping toys, teddy bears, and soccer balls to Iraqi children.[59]

References

  1. ^ a b Thompson, Warren E. (2009). "Gail Halvorsen". Aircraft Illustrated. 42 (10). Ian Allen Publishing: 24–29. ISSN 0002-2675. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  2. ^ "With Military in Box Elder". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. March 28, 1943. p. 5. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cottingham, David Thomas (February 26, 1949). "Down the Runway". The Daily Mail. Hagerstown, Maryland. p. 3. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  4. ^ a b c "Highlights in the News: 'Little Vittles' Comes to an End". Portland Press Herald. Portland, Maine. May 14, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Volk, Greg (June 13, 2014). "How One Pilot's Sweet Tooth Helped Defeat Communism". mentalfloss.com. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Uncle Wiggly Wings: This Utah Flier, Now In the Air Force, Won Berlin With Chocolate Bar Bombs". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Utah. January 23, 1949. p. 64. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  7. ^ "Candy Bomber to Receive Congressional Gold Medal". www.standard.net. December 1, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Ford, Regina (March 31, 2004). "Gail Halvorsen Still Delivers the Goods". Green Valley News. Green Valley, Arizona. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Halvorsen, Gail S., Col". airforce.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  10. ^ "Obituaries: Sherman B. Halvorsen". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Utah. April 8, 1935. p. 9. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  11. ^ "With Military in Box Elder". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. March 28, 1943. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  12. ^ Smith, Scott S. (April 8, 2016). "Gail Halvorsen Bombed Berlin with Candy During the 1940's Airlift". Investors Business Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  13. ^ Launius, Roger D. Interview with Colonel Gail S. Halverson, USAF-Ret, May 13, 1988.
  14. ^ Roughton, Randy (2011). "Forever the Candy Bomber:" (PDF). Airman. 55 (3): 44–47. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  15. ^ Lynn, Capi (November 8, 2014). "Ore. Woman to Meet 'Candy Bomber,' her Cold War Hero". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Lauterborn, David (April 4, 2009). "Interview with Gail Halvorsen, the Berlin Candy Bomber". www.historynet.com. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  17. ^ Williams, Scott (June 29, 1998). "Sweet Memories of Berlin Candy Drop". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  18. ^ "U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. William H. Tunner, directed the Berlin Airlift operation, and gave his blessing to Halvorsen's efforts, giving birth to "Operation Little Vittles"". www.defense.gov. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  19. ^ "Two Tons of Candy Donated for Berlin". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. January 18, 1949. p. 3. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  20. ^ "Committee Meets on Little Vittles". www.pbs.org. November 17, 1948. Retrieved June 9, 2016. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  21. ^ "Berlin Tots' Thank You Gifts Burden 'Little Vittles' Flier". The Fresno Bee The Republican. Fresno, California. January 25, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  22. ^ "Silent Longing for Gum by Kids Started 'Operations Little Vittles'". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. January 25, 1949. p. 10. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  23. ^ "'Chocolate Flier' Candy and Gum Operation for Reich Goes On". Amarillo Daily News. Amarillo, Texas. January 26, 1949. p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  24. ^ "'Little Vittles' Flier Thanks Her". The Marysville Tribune. Marysville, Ohio. January 26, 1949. p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  25. ^ "'Little Vittles' Donors to Meet Pilot Founder". The Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. January 22, 1949. p. 2. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  26. ^ "Chicopee Children Plan Fete For 'Little Vittles' Pilot". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. January 26, 1949. p. 9. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  27. ^ Grier, Peter (March 2013). "Halvorsen: Candy Bomber, Engineer, Unofficial Ambassador" (PDF). Air Force Magazine: 64–68. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  28. ^ "1999-Gail S. Halvorsen, USAF (Ret)". www.atlink.org. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  29. ^ "Gail S. Halvorsen". www.au.af.mil. Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  30. ^ a b "1999 – Colonel Gail S. Halvorsen, USAF (Ret)". Airlift/Tanker Association. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  31. ^ "Utahn Chosen Commander of Tempelhof". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. January 22, 1970. p. 14.
  32. ^ Baker, Don (March 10, 1974). "'Chocolate Pilot' Arrives at Base to End AF Stint". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. p. 28. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  33. ^ "Berlin Tots' Thank You Gifts Burden 'Little Vittles' Flier". The Fresno Bee The Republican. Fresno, California. January 25, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  34. ^ ""Little Vittles" Candy Bomber Plans Marriage". The Bakersfield Californian. Bakersfield, California. March 15, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  35. ^ "Utah's Little Vittle Pilot Marries". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. April 17, 1949. p. 7. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  36. ^ a b c "Obituary: Alta Jolley Halvorsen". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. January 25, 1999. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  37. ^ Warner, David T. (December 23, 2013). "'Christmas From Heaven': The Heartwarming Saga of the Candy Bomber". www.today.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  38. ^ a b "Candy Bomber to Receive Congressional Gold Medal". www.standard.net. December 1, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  39. ^ "Gail Halvorsen (2012)". www.mormontabernaclechoir.org. 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  40. ^ "Only Yesterday: 20 Years Ago". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. May 28, 1969. p. 8. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  41. ^ Winter, Brian (July 15, 2016). "Gail Halvorsen's Awards and Recognition". www.heraldxtra.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  42. ^ "Utah Aviation Hall of Fame". www.hill.af.mil. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  43. ^ "The Berlin Airlift: Gail Halvorsen". www.pbs.org. January 19, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  44. ^ Chavarria, Keoni. "Team McChord Airman wins Colonel Gail Halvorsen Award". www.mcchord.af.mil. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  45. ^ "Grand Marshalls". germanparadenyc.org. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  46. ^ "Remembering the Berlin Airlift". issuu.com. Friends Journal. Summer 2015. pp. 5–10. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  47. ^ "Berlin Airlift Candy Bomber Colonel Gail Halvorsen Receives Clay Medal". www.germany.info. December 17, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  48. ^ "The Hero of the Berlin Airlift". www.dw.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  49. ^ Sowby, Laurie Williams (June 24, 1988). "Chocolate Bomber Drops Sweet Memories: WWII Pilot Marks '48 Candy Airlift for Children". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  50. ^ a b Drabble, Jenny (December 19, 2014). "'Candy Bomber' Re-enacts Famous Berlin Air Drop at Smith Reynolds Airport". Journalnow.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  51. ^ "BYU Student Honored for Film on WWII 'Candy Bomber'". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. November 27, 1992. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  52. ^ "Christmas from Heaven: The Candy Bomber Story (Narrated by Tom Brokaw)". www.mormontabernaclechoir.org. December 19, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  53. ^ "Airlift 'Candy Bomber' Will Re-Enact Berlin Drop". The Fresno Bee The Republican. Fresno, California. June 29, 1969. p. 16. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  54. ^ Waldman, Amy (May 5, 1998). "'Candy Bomber' is to Buzz Berlin Again". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  55. ^ "'Candy Bomber' drops sweets from Utah's air for July 4". Military Times. July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  56. ^ Romboy, Dennis (March 29, 1994). "Watch Out Below! 'Candy Bomber' strikes in Bosnia". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  57. ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly. "'Candy Bomber' Fed Hopes Of Berlin's Children During Airlift". www.military.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  58. ^ "Berlin 'Candy Bomber' Wants a Repeat Over Iraq". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. April 8, 2003. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  59. ^ Wind, Dorian de (April 9, 2014). "The 'Candy Bombers' of Iraq". www.huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.

Further reading

  • Brokaw, Tom. Christmas From Heaven:The True Story of the Berlin Candy Bomber. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 2013. ISBN 1-60907-700-8.
  • Cherny, Andrei The Candy Bombers – The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour. Berkeley: The Berkeley Publishing Group, 2009. ISBN 978-0-425-22771-8.
  • Halvorsen, Gail S. Gail S. Halvorsen Collection, 1945–2004. MSS 2220; 20th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
  • Halvorsen, Gail S. The Berlin Candy Bomber. Bountiful, UT: Horizon Publishers, 1990. ISBN 0-88290-361-6.
  • Miller, George M. To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift 1948–1949. Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, 1998. ISBN 0-89875-805-X.
  • Launius, Roger D. Interview with Gail S. Halvorsen, USAF-Ret, 13 May 1988. Provo, Utah: L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
  • Raven, Margot Theis. Mercedes and the Chocolate Pilot: A True Story of the Berlin Airlift and the Candy that Dropped from the Sky. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58536-069-4.
  • Roughton, Randy."Forever the Candy Bomber." Airman 55, no. 3 (2011):44–47.
  • Thompson, Warren E. "Gail Halvorsen." Aircraft Illustrated 42, no. 10 (2009):24–29. ISSN 0002-2675.
  • Tunnell, Michael O. Candy Bomber: The Story of the Berlin Airlift's "Chocolate Pilot". Watertown, Massachusetts: Charlesbridge, 2010. ISBN 1-58089-336-8.
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