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Gbedu

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Gbedu literally means "big drum" and is a percussion instrument traditionally used in ceremonial Yoruba music in Nigeria and Benin.[1] More recently, the word has come to be used to describe forms of Nigerian Afrobeat and Hip Hop music.[2]

Tradition

The Gbedu drum is traditionally used on state occasions or during ceremonies of Ogboni, the ancient Yoruba secret society.[1] The Ogido/Gbedu is one of the four major families of Yoruba drums; the other families are the Dundun/Gangan or talking drum, the Batá drum and the Sakara drum. Each family includes drums of different sizes, with the mother drum (iya ilu) playing the lead role and other drums playing in support.[3] The Gbedu backing drums are each played by a drummer using both his open palm and a stick.[4]

The Gbedu drum is said to have been brought to the Lagos area in the seventeenth century by Edo diplomats, symbolizing the hegemony of the Benin Empire.[5] Among the Yoruba, the Gbedu drum signifies royalty.[6] The largest of the Yoruba drums, it was played only in the king's service.[7] In ceremonies such the rite of Isagun, the Oba might dance to the music of the drum.[8] If anyone else used the drum they were arrested for sedition.[9]

In early times it was considered that the large and ornately carved drum had a protecting spirit, that of the slave who was sacrificed when it was made.[10] The drum is covered in carvings representing animals, birds and the phallus. When sacrifices were made at ceremonies where the drum was used, some of the blood was sprinkled on the carvings, along with palm wine, egg yolks and the feathers of sacrificed chickens.[11] The carved face of the iya ilu might include an image of Olokun, goddess of the sea, considered the "face of worship".[12]

It is recorded that during the last days of the Oyo Empire, when the Fulani had captured Ilorin and become masters of Oyo, Sita king of Ilorin required the Oyo king Oluewu to visit him and pay homage. Oluewu had the Gbedu drum beaten before him as he travelled. When Sita asked about the drum and was told it was played only in the presence of a king, he became angry, saying that there could only be one king, himself, and ordered the Gbedu drum to be taken away.[13]

An old Yoruba proverb says "unless the he-goat dies, no one can make a gbedu drum from its skin". The implication is that a person will be able to look out for their own interests while they are alive. Another proverb says "the hide of a pig cannot be used to make a gbedu drum", meaning that a given material cannot be used for all purposes. "No thief steals a gbedu drum" is a warning not to attempt the impossible.[1]

Modern usage

In modern Nigeria, the Gbedu and its relatives continue to be used, but the word has taken new meanings. Fela Kuti included the traditional Gbedu drum in his ensemble, with a percussionist pounding out a thunderous rhythm from an eight-foot drum lying on its side.[14] Afrobeat ensembles often include the Akuba, a set of three small Yoruba congas played with sticks that are related to the Gbedu.[15] Afrobeat musician Kola Ogunkoya uses the term "Afro Gbedu" to describe his style of music, which includes jazz, highlife, Jùjú, funk and traditional Yoruba music.[16] Dele Sosimi, who played with Fela Kuti in the 1980s, later formed an Afrobeat group named "Gbedu Resurrection".[17] The word Gbedu has more recently been used to describe Nigerian Hip Hop music.[2] For many young people, the word now simply means "party".[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c Oyekan Owomoyela (2005). Yoruba proverbs. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3576-3.
  2. ^ a b Maduabuchi Agbo (1 February 2009). "Language Alternation Strategies in Nigerian Hip Hop and Rap Texts" (PDF). Language in India. p. 35. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  3. ^ "The Yoruba Talking Drums". Dabi Debo Kanyinsola. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  4. ^ "Ogido ensemble". Motherlan' Music Lagos. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  5. ^ Christopher Alan Waterman (1990). Jùjú: a social history and ethnography of an African popular music. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-226-87465-6.
  6. ^ Toyin Falola (2001). Culture and customs of Nigeria. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 165. ISBN 0-313-31338-5.
  7. ^ The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Volumes 5-6. Manchester Geographical Society. 1889. p. 291.
  8. ^ Sandra T. Barnes (1997). Africa's Ogun: old world and new. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-253-21083-6.
  9. ^ A.K. Ajisafe (1924). The Laws and Customs of the Yoruba People. George Routledge. p. 22.
  10. ^ James Hastings (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 9. Kessinger Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 0-7661-3680-9.
  11. ^ A. B. Ellis (2008). Yoruba-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 84. ISBN 0-554-39143-0.
  12. ^ "Art of Music". Clark University. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  13. ^ Samuel Johnson (1966). The history of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate. Routledge & K. Paul. p. 22.
  14. ^ Michael E. Veal (2000). Fela: the life & times of an African musical icon. Temple University Press. p. 3. ISBN 1-56639-765-0.
  15. ^ David McDavitt (April 21, 2006). ""Lead Congas" in Afrobeat". The Afrofunk Music Forum. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  16. ^ "KOLA GBEDU OGUNKOYA". Radio Palm Wine. Retrieved 2010-01-30. [dead link‍]
  17. ^ "Dele Sosimi". African Musicians Profiles. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  18. ^ "Publisher's Note". Gbedu Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
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