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Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. title screen
GenreSitcom
Created byAaron Ruben
StarringJim Nabors
Frank Sutton
Ronnie Schell
Theme music composerEarle Hagen
ComposersCarl Brandt
Pete Carpenter
Earle Hagen
Country of origin United States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons5
No. of episodes150 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producersSheldon Leonard
Andy Griffith
Aaron Ruben
ProducersEdward H. Feldman
Jack Elinson
Aaron Ruben
CinematographyJohn Finger
Camera setupMulti-camera
Running time22–24 minutes
Production companiesDesilu Productions
Andy Griffith Enterprises
Ashland Productions
T & L Productions
Original release
NetworkCBS
ReleaseSeptember 25, 1964 (1964-09-25) –
May 2, 1969 (1969-05-02)
Related
The Andy Griffith Show

Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.[fn 1] is an American situation comedy that originally aired on CBS from September 25, 1964, to May 2, 1969. The series was a spin-off of The Andy Griffith Show, and the pilot episode was aired as the season finale of the fourth season of its parent series on May 18, 1964. The show ran for a total of 150 half-hour episodes spanning over five seasons, first in black-and-white, and then, in color. In 2006, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) began releasing the series on DVD. The final season was released in November 2008.

Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. was a hit, never placing lower than tenth in the Nielsen ratings, and ended its run as the second-highest-rated series in the United States. It has enjoyed continued popularity through reruns and DVD releases. The series was created by Aaron Ruben, who also produced the show with Sheldon Leonard and Ronald Jacobs. Filmed and set in California (originally set in North Carolina), it stars Jim Nabors as Gomer Pyle, a naive but good-natured gas station attendant from the town of Mayberry, North Carolina, who enlists in the United States Marine Corps.[1] Frank Sutton plays Gomer's high-octane, short-fused Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter, and Ronnie Schell plays Gomer's friend Duke Slater. Allan Melvin played in the recurring role of Gunnery Sergeant Carter's rival, Sergeant Charley Hacker.

History

See also: The Andy Griffith Show

Everett Greenbaum and Jim Fritzell, writers for The Andy Griffith Show, are credited with creating the character of Gomer Pyle. The character was based on an "incompetent" gas station attendant whom Greenbaum met and named after Gomer Cool (a writer) and Denver Pyle (an actor on The Andy Griffith Show).[2] Jim Nabors was cast to play Gomer; he had been performing for a Santa Monica nightclub, The Horn, when Andy Griffith discovered him.[3][4] Though originally intended to appear only in one episode, Gomer proved popular, and after one year on the show, Nabors was given his own spin-off produced by Aaron Ruben. The pilot episode of Gomer Pyle was filmed in 1963 as part of The Andy Griffith Show, but was not aired until 1964, as the finale of The Andy Griffith Show's fourth season.[5]

I had recently driven into a gas station with motor trouble. The attendant could think of no cure except to add more gas to the tank. We decided to write such an incompetent into the script.

Everett Greenbaum on the creation of the character Gomer Pyle[2]

The 1960s had a return to "the more mundane sensibilities of comedy," due to viewers' wishes for television programming to be a "cultural antidepressant." Thus, fantasy and rural-oriented comedies gained popularity and dominated the Nielsen ratings.[6][7] Like other comedies at the time, Gomer Pyle was a "deep escapist" show; it avoided political commentary and offered viewers a distraction from the social changes of the 1960s.[8][9] Despite being a military-themed show and airing during the peak of the Vietnam War, the show never discussed the war.[10][11] Instead, the show focused on "Gomer's innocent simplicity [and] Sergeant Carter's frustration and later concern for Gomer's well-being." This, compounded with the popularity of rural comedies in the 1960s, made the show popular.[10] Frank Sutton, who played Carter, also ascribed the show's popularity to its concentration on its two main characters, and the plots being built around their respective personalities.[12] The program remained in the top 10 of the ratings throughout its run—in the top three for all but its third season when CBS moved it from Fridays to Wednesdays.[13][14] Nabors quit because he desired to move to something else, 'reach for another rung on the ladder, either up or down'.[15]

After Gomer Pyle left the air, Jim Nabors hosted his own variety show, The Jim Nabors Hour, from 1969 to 1971. As well as showcasing Nabors' singing and rich baritone voice, the show included comedy sketches that featured Nabors's Gomer Pyle co-stars Frank Sutton and Ronnie Schell.[16] Though told that he should not leave Gomer Pyle, Nabors felt that the show would still be exciting and noted that every character he portrayed in his sketches "turn[ed] out to be Gomer."[17]

Similarly, in 1987, some 18 years after Gomer Pyle finished its broadcast run, Stanley Kubrick's film Full Metal Jacket was released. In it, the nickname "Gomer Pyle" is derogatorily given to Private Leonard Lawrence (played by Vincent D'Onofrio) during boot camp, after incurring the drill instructor's wrath (Gunnery Sergeant Hartman played by R. Lee Ermey) for being unable to turn off his idiot's grin and his perceived incompetence.[18][19]

Production

Camp Pendleton: The show was filmed there and at Desilu Studios.
Actual filming was done at the U. S. Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) San Diego, California 92140 - pictured in the photograph from left to right: Gomer Pyle (Jim Nabors); USMC Representative / MCRD Technical On-Sight Advisor (Drill Instructor Edwin J. Kues, USMC); and, Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter (Frank Sutton). This photo was taken in between actual filming of the comedy production at MCRD San Diego, California in 1964.

The show was produced by creator Aaron Ruben, Andy Griffith Show producer Sheldon Leonard (in partnership with Griffith), and Ronald Jacobs; it was co-produced by Bruce Bayley Johnson and Duke Vincent.[20] Among the writers were Sam Bobrick, Harvey Miller, Aaron Ruben, Jack Elinson, and Bill Idelson; Andy Griffith Show writers Everett Greenbaum and Jim Fritzell also wrote episodes. Coby Ruskin was the primary director in the first four seasons, before John Rich took over the role for the fifth season; other directors included Gary Nelson, Peter Baldwin, and Alan Rafkin. Ruth Burch was in charge of the casting, and John Finger directed the cinematography.[20] The theme song was composed by Earle Hagen, who also composed the themes for shows such as The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, and That Girl.[21] The show was filmed at Camp Pendleton, Desilu Studios's Desilu-Cahuenga, and RKO Forty Acres backlot, where The Andy Griffith Show was filmed.[22][23][24][25] Though Ruben preferred the use of a multiple-camera setup for comedy programs, Gomer Pyle used a single-camera setup because much of the shooting was conducted outdoors.[26] In his book And The Show Goes On, Sheldon Leonard explained that the armed forces offer levels of "cooperation" with filmmakers. Because the Marines felt that the show would be good for the branch's image, Gomer Pyle was given "total cooperation," meaning that the show was allowed unlimited access to military equipment.[23]

Nabors and Sutton were the only actors credited in every episode (however, Sutton did not actually appear in every episode).[fn 2] Ronnie Schell (who played Duke Slater) left after the third season to star in Good Morning, World, though he returned for the fifth season, promoted to corporal, after graduating from non-commissioned officer training. Roy Stuart, who played Corporal Chuck Boyle, made his debut in the second season and left after the fourth. Andy Griffith, Frances Bavier, Ron Howard, and George Lindsey made guest appearances on the series reprising their respective roles from The Andy Griffith Show.[fn 3] Denver Pyle and Allan Melvin, who both had roles on The Andy Griffith Show, appeared in Gomer Pyle, but did not reprise their original roles. Denver Pyle, who had played Briscoe Darling in six episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, played tomato farmer Titus Purcell in the Gomer Pyle episode "The Price of Tomatoes". Allan Melvin, who had played Clarence "Doc" Malloy and other antagonists on The Andy Griffith Show, played Sergeant Carter's rival, Staff Sergeant Hacker, for four seasons. Nabors also carried the Gomer Pyle character to fellow CBS series The Lucy Show, in which he made a cameo appearance in a 1966 episode.

List of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. episodes

Main article: List of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. episodes

Premise

Gomer Pyle (Jim Nabors, left) and Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter (Frank Sutton, right)

The premise of Gomer Pyle is similar to and perhaps inspired by Andy Griffith's movie No Time for Sergeants, which was based on the Mac Hyman novel of the same name.[31][32][33] Like Leonard's other shows, Gomer Pyle was character-driven; the main characters were "accessible" and "engaging", and the supporting characters were often eccentric.[34] In the show's pilot episode, Gomer, a gas-station attendant from Mayberry, joins the Marines. Gomer's naivete immediately exasperates his drill instructor, Gunnery Sergeant Carter (Frank Sutton). Originally situated in Camp Wilson in North Carolina, the setting was moved to the fictional Camp Henderson in California.[35] The show was a fish-out-of-water piece, which, like its contemporary The Beverly Hillbillies, featured rural characters out of their normal settings.[36][37] Like other comedies of the 1960s, the show avoided political commentary (especially concerning the Vietnam War) and focused instead on the predicaments that ensued from Gomer's unintentional breaking of the rules or sticking his foot in his mouth.[38][39]

Among the themes explored were the honesty and "strong family values supposedly inherent in small town life"; according to author Gerard Jones, Gomer Pyle's basic message was "far simpler than any corporate suburban sitcoms with their lessons in compromise and role-following [...] It said merely that the oldest, most basic, least sophisticated sort of sweetness could redeem even the toughest modern types".[1][40] Author Elizabeth Hirschman noted that Gomer represented a "uniquely American archetype"—a "large, powerful man physically" with the "simple, honest nature of a child or animal". She also noted that, like stories with characters of such an archetype, Gomer's trusting nature was often taken advantage of, though in the end he "reaps happiness" because of his innocence.[41] In his book Watching M*A*S*H, Watching America, media and communications scholar James Wittebols said that Gomer Pyle illustrated how class differences "supposedly negated or diminished by military training" appeared in military hierarchy.[42]

Characters

Main article: List of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. characters

Gomer's personality might best be summed up by the words "Aw, shucks."

The Andy Griffith Show Book[43]

Gomer Pyle (played by Jim Nabors), from Mayberry, North Carolina, is a good-natured and innocent private whose naivete constantly annoys his drill instructor, Sergeant Carter. Eventually, however, his "unquestioning love and trust of the world"[1] lead those in his platoon to befriend him. Gomer was created as a stereotype of a rural American; according to Time, he "wears a gee-whiz expression, spouts homilies out of a lopsided mouth and lopes around uncertainly like a plowboy stepping through a field of cow dung. He is a walking disaster area."[44] Though never promoted beyond private first class during the show's run, Jim Nabors (who played Gomer) was given an honorary promotion to lance corporal in 2001 and again to corporal in 2007 by the Marines.[45][46][47]

Gomer: I'm gonna be a fighting fool, you'll see.
Sergeant Carter: Well, you're halfway there.

"The Feudin' Pyles"[48]

Vince Carter (played by Frank Sutton), a gunnery sergeant from Kansas, is Gomer's irritable drill instructor (later his platoon sergeant) who is constantly annoyed by Gomer's well-intentioned mistakes.[49] Due to the audience's demand for more family-oriented programming, he eventually revealed his softer side: Carter became a father figure to Gomer as well as his best friend.[1][10][35] Sutton stated that his character was created "out of whole cloth for the show" and, as the actor played him "by ear", Carter greatly changed during the first season.[12] Barbara Stuart played his girlfriend "Miss Bunny" for 3 seasons.

Mark Slade appeared in eight episodes in 1964 in the role of "Eddie" though in the first of those appearances he was billed as "Private Swanson."[50]

Duke Slater (played by Ronnie Schell) is Gomer's friend and platoon-mate. Schell left the show in the fourth season to star in the short-lived show Good Morning, World but returned in the final season as the corporal of Gomer's platoon.[51][52]

Chuck Boyle (played by Roy Stuart) is Gomer's corporal. He often serves as Carter's conscience and sticks up for Gomer when Sergeant Carter is annoyed over his mistakes. Stuart debuted in the second season and left the show after the fourth season; Boyle was replaced by Duke Slater as corporal for the final season.

Lou-Ann Poovie (played by Elizabeth MacRae) is Gomer's girlfriend. She debuts in the third season as a singer for a nightclub, but leaves the job at Gomer's urging to return home to Turtle Creek, North Carolina, and marry her beau Monroe Efford. In a later episode in the same season, she returns to California and reveals that she called the wedding off. At the end of the episode, she reveals that she wants Gomer to be her boyfriend, to the dismay of Carter and Duke. After she loses her job at the nightclub, Gomer finds her a job as a salesclerk at a record shop.

Ratings and timeslots

Season Timeslot Rank Rating
1) 1964–65 Friday at 9:30 pm #3 30.7
2) 1965–66 Friday at 9:00 pm #2 27.8
3) 1966–67 Wednesday at 9:30 pm #10 22.8
4) 1967–68 Friday at 8:30 pm #3 25.6
5) 1968–69 #2 27.2

Media

E. Kitzes Knox wrote a novel based on the series, also titled Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. The paperback was published by Pyramid and released in 1966.[53] Jim Nabors recorded Shazam!, the official soundtrack of the show, and released it on the Columbia Records label.[54]

DVD releases

CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all five seasons of Gomer Pyle, USMC on DVD in Region 1. All episodes have been restored and digitally remastered, but due to clearance issues, some episodes that feature Nabors (and other cast members) singing have been edited to remove those performances.

On March 10, 2015, CBS DVD released Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.- The Complete series on DVD in Region 1.[55]

In Region 4, Shock Entertainment has released all five seasons on DVD in Australia.

DVD Name Ep # Release dates
Region 1 Region 4
The Complete First Season 30 December 12, 2006[56] November 12, 2009[57]
The Complete Second Season 30 June 26, 2007[58] March 10, 2010[59]
The Complete Third Season 30 December 11, 2007[60] May 12, 2010[61]
The Complete Fourth Season 30 May 20, 2008[62] August 11, 2010[63]
The Complete Fifth and Final Season 30 November 25, 2008[64] April 13, 2011[65]
The Complete Series 150 March 10, 2015 N/A

Footnotes

  1. ^ The show (and CBS) renders the title as Gomer Pyle - USMC.
  2. ^ Though credited in every episode, Frank Sutton was absent from some of the episodes including "Arrivederci, Gomer", "Corporal Carol", "Gomer and the Queen of Burlesque", and "Love and Goulash".[27][28][29][30]
  3. ^ As Andy Taylor, Aunt Bee, Opie Taylor, and Goober Pyle, respectively

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jones, pp. 172–173
  2. ^ a b Kelly, p. 115
  3. ^ Kelly, p. 50
  4. ^ King, Susan (June 2, 2002). "Just Like Gomer, Jim Nabors Remains the Optimist". Los Angeles Times. pp. F-15. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  5. ^ "The Andy Griffith Show: Gomer Pyle USMC". Allmovie. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  6. ^ Roman, p. 106
  7. ^ The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, p. 418
  8. ^ Marc, p. 128
  9. ^ Moore, Bensman, and Van Dyke p. 128
  10. ^ a b c Olson, p. 196
  11. ^ Marc & Thompson, p. 94
  12. ^ a b Lowry, Cynthia (July 29, 1965). "Gomer Pyle Show Scored Immediately". Ellensburg Daily Record. Associated Press. p. 4. Retrieved 2008-12-06. [dead link‍]
  13. ^ Farber & Bailey, pp. 401–402
  14. ^ Hyatt, p. 96
  15. ^ "Jim Nabors finished with Gomer". News.google.com. 1969-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  16. ^ "Wednesday, September 24". Time. 1969-09-26. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  17. ^ Scott, Vernon (October 2, 1969). "In Hollywood". The Bryan Times. p. 16. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  18. ^ IMDb - "Full Metal Jacket" (1987)
  19. ^ Mark T. Conrad, "Chaos, Order and Morality: Nietzsche's Influence on Full Metal Jacket", in Jerold Abrams, ed., The Philosophy of Stanley Kubrick (University Press of Kentucky), 2007, ISBN 978-0813172569, pp. 33, 40-41. Excerpts available at Google Books.
  20. ^ a b "Gomer Pyle USMC". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Winn, Steven (June 3, 2008). "Earle Hagen and the Passing of TV Theme Songs". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  22. ^ Kane, Arnold (2008). My Meteoric Rise to Obscurity. We Publish Books. p. 56. ISBN 9781929841493. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  23. ^ a b Leonard & Griffith, p. 133
  24. ^ Kane, p. 56
  25. ^ "A Behind the Scenes Look at The Andy Griffith Show And The REAL Mayberry". Radok News. Radok Corporation. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  26. ^ Kelly, p. 33
  27. ^ "Arrivederci, Gomer". Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Season 2. Episode 19. 1966-01-21.
  28. ^ "Corporal Carol". Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Season 4. Episode 3. 1967-09-22.
  29. ^ "Gomer and the Queen of Burlesque". Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Season 4. Episode 21. 1968-02-02.
  30. ^ "Love and Goulash". Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Season 4. Episode 28. 1968-03-29.
  31. ^ Inman, David. "Andy Griffith mix-up". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved 27 January 2009. [dead link‍]
  32. ^ Hicks, Chris (December 11, 2006). "Lovable Gomer Pyle, Andy Griffith both on DVD". Deseret News. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  33. ^ "Ira Levin, author of Rosemary's Baby, Stepford Wives, dies". CBC.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Jackson, Markoe, and Markoe p. 334
  35. ^ a b Beck & Clark, p. 88
  36. ^ Davis, Blythe, Winans, Scalese, and Winans p. 8
  37. ^ Browne, p. 331
  38. ^ Baseline Studio Systems. "Gomer Pyle USMC". The New York Times (online). Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  39. ^ "Gomer Pyle - USMC". CBS. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  40. ^ Newcomb, pp. 113–115
  41. ^ Hirschman, pp. 73, 75
  42. ^ Wittebols, p. 12
  43. ^ Beck & Clark, p. 86
  44. ^ "Success Is a Warm Puppy". Time. November 10, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  45. ^ "Pfc. Gomer Pyle Is Being Promoted". Honolulu: Yahoo!. Associated Press. August 8, 2001. Archived from the original on September 23, 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  46. ^ Harada, Wayne (September 11, 2007). "Jim Nabors to be named honorary corporal September 25". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
  47. ^ "Marines Promote Jim Nabors' Gomer Pyle". KITV.com. KITV. September 26, 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
  48. ^ Hy Kraft (writer) & Coby Ruskin (director) (1965-01-22). "The Feudin' Pyles". Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Season 1. Episode 18. CBS.
  49. ^ "Gomer Pyle, USMC Cast and Details". TV Guide. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  50. ^ "Mark Slade". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  51. ^ Humphrey, Hal (June 24, 1968). "Ronnie Schell Rejoins Marines". The Blade. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  52. ^ Humphrey, Hal (June 21, 1969). "Ronnie Schell Returning to Gomer Pyle's Outfit". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  53. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." Amazon.com. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  54. ^ "SHAZAM! Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C. Includes 'You Can't Roller Skate in a Buffalo Herd'". Amazon.com. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
  55. ^ 'The Complete Series' Starring Jim Nabors is Scheduled for DVD
  56. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. DVD news: Andy Griffith Spin-off coming this December". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  57. ^ "GOMER PYLE U.S.M.C - SEASON 1 | ScreenPop Australia". Screenpop.com.au. 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  58. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. - The Complete 2nd Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  59. ^ "GOMER PYLE U.S.M.C - SEASON 2 | ScreenPop Australia". Screenpop.com.au. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  60. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. DVD news: Announcement for Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. - The 3rd Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  61. ^ "GOMER PYLE U.S.M.C - SEASON 3 | ScreenPop Australia". Screenpop.com.au. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  62. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. - The 4th Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  63. ^ "GOMER PYLE U.S.M.C - SEASON 4 | ScreenPop Australia". Screenpop.com.au. 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  64. ^ "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. DVD news: Final Box Art for Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C. - The 5th & Final Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  65. ^ "GOMER PYLE U.S.M.C - THE FINAL SEASON | ScreenPop Australia". Screenpop.com.au. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2013-11-14.

Bibliography

  • Beck, Ken; Clark, Jim (2000). The Andy Griffith Show Book: From Miracle Salve to Kerosene Cucumbers : the Complete Guide to One of Television's Best-loved Shows. Macmillan Publishers. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-0-312-26287-7.
  • Browne, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.
  • Erickson, Hal (1998). Sid and Marty Krofft: A Critical Study of Saturday Morning Children's Television, 1969-1993. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0518-3.
  • Farber, David; Bailey, Beth (2003). The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11373-1.
  • Hirschman, Elizabeth (2000). Heroes, Monsters & Messiahs: Movies and Television Shows as the Mythology of American Culture. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-0485-7.
  • Hyatt, Wesley (2004). A Critical History of Television's The Red Skelton Show, 1951-1971. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1732-2.
  • Jackson, Kenneth T.; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: 1997-1999. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80663-1.
  • Jones, Gerard (1993). Honey, I'm Home!: Sitcoms, Selling the American Dream. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-312-08810-1.
  • Kane, Arnold (August 14, 2008). My Meteoric Rise to Obscurity. Cover design by Gromis, Sally. We Publish Books. ISBN 978-1-929841-49-3.
  • Kelly, Richard (1985). The Andy Griffith Show. John F. Blair. ISBN 0-89587-043-6.
  • Knox, E. Kitz (1966). Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Pyramid.
  • Leonard, Sheldon; Griffith, Andy (1995). And the Show Goes on: Broadway and Hollywood Adventures. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-87910-184-8.
  • Marc, David (1989). Comic Visions: Television Comedy and American Culture. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-04-445284-3.
  • Marc, David; Thompson, Robert J. (2004). Television in the Antenna Age: A Concise History. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21544-8.
  • Moore, Barbara; Bensman, Marvin R.; Van Dyke, Jim (2006). Prime-Time Television: A Concise History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98142-6.
  • Newcomb, Horace (2004). Encyclopedia of Television. Museum of Broadcast Communications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-57958-411-5.
  • Olson, James Stuart (1990). Historical Dictionary of the 1960s. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29271-2.
  • Roman, James W. (2005). From Daytime to Primetime: The History of American Television Programs. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31972-3.
  • "Television". The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. Macmillan Publishers. 2004. pp. 418–419. ISBN 978-0-312-31367-8.
  • Davis, Walter; Blythe, Teresa; Dreibelbis, Gary; Scalese, Mark; Winans, Elizabeth (2001). Watching What We Watch: Prime-time Television Through the Lens of Faith. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22696-1.
  • Wittebols, James H. (2003). Watching M*A*S*H, Watching America: A Social History of the 1972-1983 Television Series. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1701-8.

Further reading

  • Auletta, Ken (September 1, 1992). Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-74135-0.
  • Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (1999). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-present: 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-42923-0.
  • Hollis, Tim (2008). Ain't that a Knee-slapper: Rural Comedy in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-934110-73-7. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Loukides, Paul; Fuller, Linda K. (1990). Beyond the Stars: Stock Characters in American Popular Film. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-479-5.
  • Slater, Robert (1988). This... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-919234-0.
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