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Gutes

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"Gutar" redirects here. For the instrument, see Guitar.
"Gotar" redirects here. For the North Germanic tribe called Götar in Swedish, see Geats.
Sweden in the 12th century before the incorporation of Finland during the 13th century.
  Geats
  Swedes
  Gutes

The Gutes or the Gotlanders (in Swedish gutar) are the population of the island of Gotland. The ethnonym is related to that of the Goths (Gutans), and both names were originally Proto-Germanic *Gutaniz. Their language is called Gutnish (gutniska).[1]

Early history

The oldest history of the Gutes is retold in the Gutasaga. According to legend they descended from a man named Þjelvar who was the first to discover Gotland. Þjelvar had a son named Hafþi who wedded a fair maiden named Hvitastjerna. These two were the first to settle on Gotland. Hafþi and Hvitastjerna later had three children, Guti, Graipr and Gunfjaun. After the death of their parents, the brothers divided Gotland into three parts and each took one, but Guti remained the highest chieftain and gave his name to the land and its people.[2]

In Modern Swedish language, there are two words for the inhabitants on Gotland: gotlänning (Gotlander) and gute. All inhabitants of Gotland, regardless of their ethnicity, are gotlänning (pl. gotlänningar -Gotlandians) but one is called gute (pl. gutar - Gutes) if one is of native descent.

A DNA study conducted on the 5,000-year-old skeletal remains of three Middle Neolithic seal hunters from Gotland showed that they were related to modern-day Finns, while a farmer from Gökhem parish in Västergötland on the mainland was found to be more closely related to modern-day Mediterraneans. This is consistent with the spread of agricultural peoples from the Middle East at about that time.[3]

  The island of Gotland
  Wielbark Culture in the early 3rd century
  Chernyakhov culture, in the early 4th century
  Roman Empire

It is also related that because of overpopulation one third of the Gutes had to emigrate and settle in southern Europe. Some scholars, as for instance Wessén, Wenskus, Hoffman etc., have argued that this tale might be a reminiscence of the migration of the Goths.

over a long time, the people descended from these three multiplied so much that the land couldn't support them all. Then they draw lots, and every third person was picked to leave, and they could keep everything they owned and take it with them, except for their land. ... they went up the river Dvina, up through Russia. They went so far that they came to the land of the Greeks. ... they settled there, and live there still, and still have something of our language.[4]

The name of the Gutes in Old West Norse is Gotar, which is same as that used for the Goths. Old Norse sources such as the sagas do not distinguish between the Goths and the Gutes.[5][6][7][8][9] In accordance, the Old East Norse term for both Goths and Gutes seems to have been Gutar.[10] Only the Goths and Gutes bear this name among all the Germanic tribes. The fact that the ethnonym is identical to Goth may be the reason why they are not mentioned as a special group until Jordanes' Getica, where they may be those who are called Vagoths (see Scandza). However Ptolemy mentions the Goutai as living in the south of the island of Skandia, who could be identical to the Gutes, since the "ou"-sound in Ancient Greek corresponds to the Latin and Germanic "u".

Certain linguists, as for instance Elias Wessén, point out that there are similarities between Gothic and Gutnish that are not found elsewhere in the Germanic languages. One example is the use of the word lamb for both young and adult sheep, which is only seen in Gutnish and Gothic.[11]

Agreement with Swedes

The Stora Hammars I stone

Before the 7th century, the Gutes made a trade and defence agreement with Swedish kings, according to the Gutasaga. This seems to have been due to Swedish military aggression. Although the Gutes were victorious in these battles, they eventually found it more beneficial (as a nation of traders) to try to negotiate a peace-treaty with the Swedes.

Many kings made war on Gotland while it was heathen, but the Gutes always maintained victory and their rights. Then the Gutes were sending many messengers to Sweden, but none of them succeeded in negotiating a peace, till Awair Strabain from Alva parish. He was the first to make peace with the king of the Swedes.[...] As he was a smooth-tongued man, wise indeed and artful, as the stories of him go, he established a fixed treaty with the Swedish king: 60 marks of silver a year - that is the tax for the Gutes - with 40 for the king, out of that sixty, and the jarls to get 20. This amount had already been decided by agreement of the whole land before he left.[12]
So the Gutes made a trade and defence agreement with the king of the Swedes of their own free will, that they might go anywhere in all areas dominated by the Swedes freely and unfettered by tolls or any duties. So too the Swedes could come to Gotland with no ban on the import of corn, or any other restrictions. The king was to give aid and help whenever they needed it and asked. The king would send messengers to the Gotland national assembly, and the jarls likewise, to collect their tax. These messengers must proclaim freedom to the Gutes to travel in peace over the sea, to all places where the Swedish king held sway. And the same went for anyone travelling there to Gotland.[13]

It gives Awair Strabain as the man who arranged the mutually beneficial agreement with the King of Sweden, and the event would have taken place before the end of the 9th century, when Wulfstan of Hedeby reported that the island was subject to the Swedes.

Merchants

Because of Gotland's central position in the Baltic Sea, from early on the Gutes became a nation of traders and merchants. The amount of silver treasure that has been found in Gotlandic soil during the Viking Age surpasses that of all the other Swedish provinces counted together, which tells of a traders' nation of indisputable rank among the Norse nations.[14] The Gutes were the leading tradesmen in the Baltic sea, until the rise of the Hanseatic League.[15]

The Gutes were both yeomen farmers and travelling merchants at the same time: so-called farmenn. This was an exceptionally dangerous occupation during the Middle Ages, since the Baltic Sea was full of pirates. The Gutnish farmenn always had to be ready for battle. The division and organisation of the early Gutnish society shows a nation constantly ready for war. The "ram" seems to have been an early symbol for the Gutes, and is still seen on the Gotlandic coat of arms.

  • Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland
    Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland
  • Clay pot from Swedish Iron Age, found on Gotland
    Clay pot from Swedish Iron Age, found on Gotland
  • Trojeborg, a stone labyrinth from Visby on Gotland
    Trojeborg, a stone labyrinth from Visby on Gotland

Sources

The history of Gotland can be read in the book Gutasaga. The Gutasaga is a saga treating the history of Gotland prior to Christianity. It was recorded in the 13th century and survives in only a single manuscript, the Codex Holm B. 64, dating to ca. 1350. It is kept in the Swedish Royal Library in Stockholm together with the Gutalag, the legal code of Gotland. It was written in the Old Gutnish dialect of Old Norse.

References

  1. ^ Snöbohm, Alfred Theodor Gotlands land och folk (1871)
  2. ^ Guta Lagh med Gutasagan, Tore Gannholm, p 98-99
  3. ^ "Ancient Swedish farmer came from the Mediterranean". Nature News & Comment. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  4. ^ Guta Lagh med Gutasagan, Tore Gannholm, s 98-99
  5. ^ þáttr af Ragnars sonum, fornladarsaga
  6. ^ Sögubrot af nokkurum fornkonungum í Dana- ok Svíaveldi, fornaldarsaga
  7. ^ Oláfs saga helga, konungasaga
  8. ^ Edda, Snorri Sturlusson, Skaldskáparmál
  9. ^ Edda Sæmundar, Grimnismál
  10. ^ Vikingarnas Språk, Rune Palm p 30
  11. ^ Fornvännen 1969, Elias Wessén
  12. ^ Guta lagh med Gutasagan, Tore Gannholm, p 100-101
  13. ^ Guta lagh med Gutasagan, Tore Gannholm, p 100-101
  14. ^ Gotland, Östersjöns Pärla, Tore Gannholm p 9
  15. ^ Gotland, Östersjöns Pärla, Tore Gannholm, p 9

See also

Other sources

  • Ferguson, Robert The Vikings: a history (New York City: Penguin Group. 2009)
  • Nerman, Birger Det svenska rikets uppkomst (Stockholm: 1925)
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