Green Hackworth

Green H. Hackworth
Judge of the International Court of Justice
In office 1946–1961
Nominated by	U.S. PCA Members: Cordell Hull Henry Stimson Charles Hughes
Preceded by	Position created
Succeeded by	Philip C. Jessup
President of the International Court of Justice
In office 1955–1958
Preceded by	Sir Arnold McNair
Succeeded by	Helge Klaestad
Legal Adviser to the Department of State
In office 1931–1946
Preceded by	Position created
Succeeded by	Charles Fahy
Personal details
Born	(1883-01-23)January 23, 1883 Prestonsberg, Kentucky; U.S.
Died	June 24, 1973(1973-06-24) (aged 90) Washington, D.C.
Alma mater	Valparaiso University, BA University of Kentucky, JD George Washington, LLB

Green Haywood Hackworth was an American jurist who served as the first U.S. judge on the International Court of Justice, as President of the International Court of Justice, as the longest running Legal Adviser to the US Department of State (1925 -1946) and as a member of Secretary of State Cordell Hull's inner circle of advisers. Hackworth was instrumental in the development of plans for the post World War II world order and was a key member of the U.S. delegation to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944). He served as a member of the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy (1942), as a member of Post War Programs Committee (1944) and as Chairman of the Committee of Jurists that drafted the initial statutes for the International Court of Justice (1945). Hackworth also represented the U.S. Delegation on Committee IV at the United Nations Conference on International Organization where the articles in the United Nations Charter pertaining to the International Court of Justice were finalized.

Early life and education

Green Haywood Hackworth was born in Prestonburg Kentucky and his youth was spent in the area of the Big Sandy River. He received a B.A. degree from Valparaiso University a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Kentucky and an L.L.B degree from George Washington University. In 1916, after completion of his legal studies, Hackworth secured a job as a law clerk with the U.S. Department of State and in 1918 was promoted to Assistant Solicitor within the department. Although a Democrat, Hackworth was chosen in 1925 by republican U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, for nomination by the President and subsequent approval by the Senate to become Solicitor of the Dept. of State.

Legal Adviser to the U.S. Department of State

As the longest running Legal Adviser of the Department of State, Hackworth was relied upon for legal advice by five successive U.S. Secretaries of States: Charles Evans Hughes, Frank B. Kellogg, Henry L. Stimson, Cordell Hull and Edward R. Stettinius. Hackworth was noted for being a skilled legal draftsman concerning the area of treaty provisions and was a perforce in matters involving the U.S. and its foreign relations from the period of U.S. neutrality to the country's entry into World War II. He provided advice to the U.S. President, the U.S. Secretary of State, members of congress and other departments within the U.S. State Department. As Legal Adviser to the Department of State, Hackworth represented the U.S Government before the International Joint Commission formed by the United States and Canada under the Boundary Waters treaty of 1909. He was a U.S. delegate in 1930 to the First Conference for the Codification of International Law, held at the Hague under the auspices of the League of Nations. Hackworth participated in the 8th Conference of American States (1939) held in Lima, in the 8th Scientific Congress of American States (1940) and in the Inter - American Maritime Conference (1941). Following the outbreak of war in Europe, Hackworth served as Adviser to Secretary of State Hull at the 2nd Meeting of foreign Ministers of the American Republics (1941) held in Havana.

World War Two

On Sunday Dec. 7 Hackworth was in conclave with Secretary of State Hull at the state department prior to the scheduled meeting with Japanese ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu when President Roosevelt called at 1:30PM and informed Hull of the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor. Hull consulted with Hackworth and Josheph Ballentine, a state department expert on the Far East, on whether or not to see the waiting Japanese diplomats. After seeing and then dismissing the diplomats, Hull met with President Roosevelt and then later again with Hackworth where the two discussed drafting a proclamation of war between Japan and the United States. As the war progressed, Hackworth advised Secretary Hull, President Roosevelt, Judge Samuel Rosenman, and numerous agencies within the government. His role was to consider past legal developments in the laws of war, the laws of neutrality, laws of belligerency and the effect of these laws on the U.S. and other countries. In 1943, Hackworth served as an adviser to Secretary of State Hull at the Moscow Conference and in 1945 he served as Adviser to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius at the Conference of American States on Problems of War and Peace held in Mexico City.

Post War Planning

In Feb. of 1942, Secretary of State Cordell Hull organized the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy which was followed by the Special Subcommittee on International Organization of which Hackworth was an integral part. The subcommittee prepared draft proposals that clarified the U.S. State Dept.'s vague views on a postwar organization. In over 40 meetings in 1943, the Special Subcommittee on International Organization made intensive studies of key issues upon which any plans for a future world organization would have to depend. In March 1943, Hull formed the Political Agenda Group which was composed of Hackworth, Edward R. Stettinius and other members of Hull's inner circle. This organization championed a global organization as opposed to Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles' vision of a regional post war system. In December 1943, this group prepared and delivered to President Roosevelt a detailed post war plan that became the founding framework of the United Nations. After President Roosevelt approved outline of the plan, Hull created The Policy Committee and the Post War Programs Committee, composed of Hackworth and other close advisers from the previously established Informal Agenda Group, to implement the vision of a United Nations.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

Prior to the Dumbarton Oaks conference, the U.S. State Dept. originated the American Planning Group for preparation. This group was divided into three sections and each section was responsible for a different topic that was to be addressed at Dumbarton Oaks. Hackworth headed the second group charged with studying arrangements for the peaceful settlements of international disputes and the development of a World Court. At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, Hackworth chaired a special Legal Subcommittee that was established to deal with the issue of a World Court. The subcommittee used as a base the American draft statute that Hackworth's section had developed prior to the conference. The subcommittee first dealt with the technically complex issue of whether or not the present court should be continued or a new court established and also what the relationship should be of the new court with the new international organization. Hackworth championed the American's view that retaining as much of the existing court statutes as possible. However, the Soviets strongly opposed the continuing membership of certain neutral states in the World Court and favored a new tribunal. This dispute and others over the World Court were settled at the general U.N. Conference at San Francisco where Hackworth represented the U.S. on Committee IV, which was tasked with finalizing statutes for the International Court of Justice.

International Court of Justice

Hackworth was nominated by three former U.S. Secretaries of State for an initial six year term on the Court and was subsequently elected to a full nine year term in 1951. In 1955 he succeeded Sir Arnold McNair of Great Britain for a three year term as President of the International Court of Justice. During his tenure on the Court, Hackworth adjudicated seventeen contentious cases and was asked to give eleven advisory opinions. Due to Hackworth's experience as a legal draftsman, the task of consolidating views of Court members was frequently assigned to him.

Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations

In the case Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Hackworth disagreed with the Court in its interpretation of the implied powers doctrine and in his dissent maintained that, "powers not expressed cannot freely be implied. Implied powers flow from a grant of express powers, and are limited by those that are "necessary" to the exercise of powers expressly granted." He disagreed with the majority in that he felt that the majority used an unduly wide version of the implied powers doctrine by relating the power to be implied not to an express provision but rather to the functions and objectives of the organization concerned.

International Court of Justice rulings

Case #	Case name	ICJ Category	Challenger	Defendant	Date of application	Date of disposition	Disposition	Opinion	Appendment
1	[1] Corfu Channel Case	Contentious	UK	Albania	22 May 1947	9 April 1949	[2] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
2	[3] Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations	Advisory	UN General Assembly		24 November 1947	9 April 1949	[4] Opinion on Merits	Majority	None
3	[5] Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations	Advisory	UN General Assembly		7 December 1948	11 April 1949	[6] Opinion on Merits	Q1a: Majority Q1b: Dissenting	[7] Dissenting Opinion
4	[8] Fisheries Case	Contentious	UK	Norway	28 September 1949	18 December 1951	[9] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
5	[10] Asylum Case	Contentious	Colombia	Peru	15 October 1949	20 November 1950	[11] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
6	[12] Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania	Advisory	UN General Assembly		31 October 1949	18 July 1950	[13] Opinion on Merits [14]	Majority	None
7	[15] Competence of the U.N. General Assembly	Advisory	UN General Assembly		28 November 1949	3 March 1950	[16] Opinion on Merits	Majority	None
8	[17] International Status of South West Africa	Advisory	UN General Assembly		27 December 1949	11 July 1950	[18] Opinion on Merits	Majority	None
9	[19] Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco	Contentious	France	United States	28 October 1950	27 August 1952	[20] Judgment on Merits	Dissenting	[21] Dissenting Opinion (joint)
10	[22] Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	Advisory	UN General Assembly		20 November 1950	28 May 1951	[23] Opinion on Merits	Majority	None
11	[24] Request for Interpretation in the Asylum Case	Contentious	Colombia	Peru	20 November 1950	27 November 1950	[25] Judgment on Admissibility	Majority	None
12	[26] Haya de la Torre	Contentious	Colombia	Peru	13 December 1950	13 June 1951	[27] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
13	[28] Ambatielos Case	Contentious	Greece	UK	9 April 1951	19 May 1953	[29] Judgment on Merits [30]	Majority	None
14	[31] Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.	Contentious	United Kingdom	Iran	26 May 1951	22 July 1952	[32] Judgment on Jurisdiction	Dissenting	[33] Dissenting Opinion (joint)
15	[34] Minquiers and Ecrehos Case	Contentious	France	UK	5 December 1951	17 November 1953	[35] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
16	[36] Nottebohm Case	Contentious	Liechtenstein	Guatemala	17 December 1951	6 April 1955	[37] Judgment on Merits [38]	Majority	None
17	[39] Monetary (Nazi) Gold Removed from Rome in 1943	Contentious	Italy	France UK United States	19 May 1953	15 June 1954	[40] Judgment on Jurisdiction	Majority	None
18	[41].Electricite de Beyrouth Company Case	Contentious	France	Lebanon	15 August 1953	29 July 1954	Case Dismissed	N/A	N/A
19	[42] Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal	Advisory	UN General Assembly		21 December 1953	13 July 1954	[43] Opinion on Merits	Dissenting	[44] Dissenting Opinion
20	[45] Voting Procedure - South West Africa	Advisory	UN General Assembly		6 December 1954	7 June 1955	[46] Opinion on Merits	None	None
21	[47] Certain Norwegian Loans	Contentious	France	Norway	6 July 1955	6 July 1957	[48] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
22	[49] Judgements of the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO	Advisory	UNESCO		2 December 1955	23 October 1956	[50] Opinion on Merits	Dissenting	[51] Dissenting Opinion
23	[52] Admissibility of Hearings - South West Africa	Advisory	UN General Assembly		19 December 1955	1 June 1956	[53] Opinion on Merits	Majority	None
24	[54] Right of Passage over Indian Territory	Contentious	Portugal	India	22 December 1955	12 April 1960	[55] Judgment on Merits [56]	Majority	None
25	[57] Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants	Contentious	Netherlands	Sweden	10 July 1957	28 November 1958	[58] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
26	[59] Interhandel Case	Contentious	Switzerland	United States	2 October 1957	21 March 1959	[60] Judgment on Jurisdiction [61]	Majority	[62] Separate Opinion
27	[63] Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria)	Contentious	Israel	Bulgaria	16 October 1957	26 May 1959	[64] Judgment on Jurisdiction	Majority	None
28	[65] Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land	Contentious	Belgium	Netherlands	27 November 1957	20 June 1959	[66] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None
29	[67] Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906	Contentious	Honduras	Nicaragua	1 July 1958	18 November 1960	[68] Judgment on Merits	Majority	None

Positions

1916 - Law Clerk, U.S. Department of State
1918 - Assistant Solicitor, U.S. Department of State
1925 - Solicitor of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State,
1931 - Legal Adviser of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State
1930 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference on the Codification of International Law
1939 - Adviser to U.S. Secretary of State, Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics
1940 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference of American States
1943 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Moscow Conference
1944 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1945 - Chairman, Committee of Jurists for Drafting Statutes of the International Court of Justice
1945 - Adviser to US. Delegation, San Francisco Conference on International Organization of the United Nations
1946 - U.S. Judge, International Court of Justice

Associations

• Council on Foreign Relations
• District of Columbia Bar
• U.S. Supreme Court Bar
• Permanent Court of Arbitration
• American Society of International Law

Publications

• "Digest of International Law" 1940-1944 (eight volumes)

Further reading

• Pomerance, Michla 1996 The United States and the World Court As a 'Supreme Court of the Nations' Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Simpson, Christopher 1995 The Splendid Blond Beast: Money, Law, and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Common Courage Press .