Habelia

Habelia; Temporal range: Miaolingian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Life restoration
	Fossils of Habelia optata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
(unranked):	Arachnomorpha
Order:	†Habeliida
Family:	†Habeliidae
Genus:	†Habelia; Walcott, 1912
Species:	†H. optata
Binomial name
	†Habelia optata; Walcott, 1912

Habelia is a genus of extinct arthropod from the Middle Cambrian, thought to be one of the earliest known relatives of chelicerates. Its fossils have been found in the Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada. Fifty-four specimens of Habelia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.1% of the community.^[1]

Description

The body is divided into two main segments. The cephalon ("head")/prosoma with seven segments/8 somites, and the trunk with 12 segments, making for a total of 19 body segments. The body is around 8.5 to 34 millimetres (0.33 to 1.34 in) in length excluding the long telson that terminates the body. The head, which is 25% wider than it is long, makes up about 30% of the total body length, and has a bulging shape, with triangular genal spines projecting outward at its edges. It housed the stomach of the animal. The head bore a pair of spherical compound eyes, which were accommodated by notches in the head shield. A hypostome-labrum complex was present, with the mouth openling vertically close to the front of the head. The first pair of appendages was very short and probably flexible, this was followed by 5 pairs of appendages that bore large gnathobases (modified basipod/base of the appendages used to process food), increasing in size posteriorly which bore staggered rows of strongly sclerotized teeth on their inner edge. The endopods of these limbs increased in size posteriorly, and had seven segments/podomeres, with the terminating segment being a claw, with podomeres 5 and 6 having borne a brush of inward facing setae. The exopods of these limbs were elongate and thin rami, increasing in size posteriorly, each composed of 7 or more podomeres, which bore setae at the segment joints.^[2]

There is one pair of biramous limbs on the margin between the head and trunk, which is morphologically similar to the trunk limbs. The exopods of the biramous trunk limbs are paddle-shaped and fringed with thin lamellae/setae, while the endopods are similar to those of the cephalon in being 7 segmented and clawed, with two smaller claws on segment 6. The basipods of these limbs were cylindrical and broad, and did not function as gnathobases. The trunk is subdivided into the anterior thorax with 5 segments and the posterior post-thorax with 7 segments. Some specimens bear three pairs of upward pointing dorsal spines along the first three trunk segments. This may have been a sexually dimorphic feature. The 5 segments of the thorax each bear biramous limbs. The segments of the post-thorax bore pairs of exopods decreasing in size posteriorly, but there are no visible endopods, meaning that they were either reduced or entirely absent. The body ended with a long rod-shaped telson.^[2]

Diagram in various views. A = head viewed from below B=side-on view C= view from above D=diagram of trunk limbs e1-5 = cephalic limb endopods, g= gnathobase, en=endopod ex = exopod p1-7 = numbered podomeres of endopod
Closeup restoration of the head
Life restoration

Taxonomy

While previously enigmatic, a 2017 redescription found that it formed a clade (Habeliida) with Sanctacaris, Utahcaris, Wisangocaris and Messorocaris as a stem-group to Chelicerata, with Habelia being placed in the monotypic family Habellidae within Habeliida.^[2]

Ecology

Habelia is thought to have been a durophagous predator, using its gnathobases to feed on hard shelled organisms.^[2]

References

^ Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. Bibcode:2006Palai..21..451C. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022. S2CID 53646959.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard (December 2017). "Mandibulate convergence in an armoured Cambrian stem chelicerate". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 261. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1088-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5738823. PMID 29262772.

External links

"Habelia optata". Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.
"Habelia? brevicauda". Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.
Habelia in the Paleobiology Database

[Caron2006-1] Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. Bibcode:2006Palai..21..451C. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022. S2CID 53646959.

[:0-2] Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard (December 2017). "Mandibulate convergence in an armoured Cambrian stem chelicerate". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 261. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1088-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5738823. PMID 29262772.

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