Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq
Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq (Circle of the Men of Good Taste) is a Pakistani literary movement begun in Lahore, British Punjab, India on April 29, 1939.[1] The word 'Zauq' (Good Taste) in the above article title is generally assumed to mean that only members with 'Good Taste in Urdu literature' will join the group. At least that's the hope of the current group members or the original group founders.
Early members included Urdu Language poets Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji, brought to the meeting by his friend, Qayyum Nazar, an active member of the group.[1][2] The Halqa is the second modern literary movement in Urdu poetry in the 20th century, founded just a couple of years after the leftist Progressive Writers' Movement and is considered to be the most influential group in modern poetry in the Urdu language.[2]
Its first meeting was held under the name Bazm-e dāstāngo (Storytellers' gathering) and organized by writers looking for a non-political meeting, and the name was changed to 'Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq' soon after.[2] Unlike the Progressives, the Halqa was not politically driven, but reflected a traditional Western mode of modernist literature with new styles of prose and new subject areas outside of classical Urdu poetry, with some experimenting with themes relating to the personal experiences of the subjects of the British rule in India.[1] Noon Meem Rashid, for example, while not politically engaged, was influenced by Western modernist poets T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound in exploring new verse forms.[1] Urdu poet Meeraji, who introduced free verse and is considered to be the founder of symbolism in Urdu poetry, was also a prominent member of Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq in its early days. Under his guidance, the Halqa moved from poetry reading events to become a group who also made active critiques on members' poetry.[2]
Although strongly influential on modernist Urdu poetry, the group included and welcomed members whose prose and poetry was more traditional, including writers of the ghazal. As time went by, left-wing progressives were also welcome as members both in India and Pakistan. These members included short story writer, Krishan Chander, playwright Rajinder Singh Bedi, and avowed Marxist and leading Urdu poet, Faiz Ahmad Faiz.[2]
Halqa continues to have regular sessions in various cities of Pakistan, most notably in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi.[3] It is credited to have produced many notable Urdu poets and writers. This organization was originally based in Lahore, Punjab in 1936. Now in 2016, this Halqa (Circle) has branches wherever the Urdu language enthusiasts live currently including countries like India, Pakistan, Europe, North America and other places.[4]
References
- ^ a b c d Rafey Habib; M. A. R. Habib, eds. (2002). An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry = Jadīd Urdū shāʻirī kā intik̲h̲āb, Angrezī tarjame ke sāth. Habib, translated by M.A.R. New York: Modern Language Association of America. ISBN 978-0-87352-797-2.
- ^ a b c d e Patel, Geeta (2001). Lyrical movements, historical hauntings : on gender, colonialism, and desire in Miraji's Urdu poetry. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3329-8.
- ^ http://halqa1.tripod.com/, Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq, Islamabad branch, Retrieved 22 July 2016
- ^ http://newyorkcity.eventful.com/events/halqa-arbab-e-zauq-ny-fourth-annual-mushaira-may-/E0-001-082818330-2, Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq, New York City event in May 2015, Retrieved 22 July 2016