Head pressing
Head pressing is a veterinary condition characterized by standing close to a wall or corner face-first without moving.[clarification needed] This condition is seen in pets such as dogs and cats, and also other animals such as cows, horses, and goats. Head pressing is usually a sign of a neurological disorder, especially of the forebrain (e.g., prosencephalon disease),[1] or of toxicity due to liver damage, such as Portosystemic shunt and hepatic encephalopathy.[2]
It should be distinguished from bunting, which is a normal behavior found in healthy animals.
Possible causes
- Prosencephalon disease
- Liver shunt
- Brain tumor
- Metabolic disorder (e.g., hyponatremia or hyperatremia)
- Stroke
- Infection of the nervous system (rabies, parasites, bacterial, viral or fungal infection)
- Head trauma[3]
Liver neurotoxicity
A liver shunt is a congenital or acquired condition that may lead to toxicity and head pressing. Additional symptoms include drooling and slow maturation early in development.[4] Older animals may suffer from liver cirrhosis.
Viral causes
Several viruses that cause encephalitis or meningoencephalitis can lead to the neurological sign of head pressing, see for example Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Bovine herpesvirus 5.[5][6]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/c_multi_headpressing
- ^ Cody W. Faerber; Cody W. Faerber, DVM,S. Mario Durrant, DVM,Jane Fishman Leon, DVM; S. Mario Durrant (1 June 1999). Canine Medicine and Disease Prevention. Animal Health Publications. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9701159-1-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Dogs Who Head Press Should See A Vet ASAP. Recognizing This Behavior Could Save Your Dog's Life". DogHeirs. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ "Head Pressing". iVillage.
- ^ D. Scott McVey; Melissa Kennedy; M. M. Chengappa (10 May 2013). Veterinary Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 573. ISBN 1-118-65056-5.
- ^ Mark Gilberd (2005). Natural Remedies For Sheep Health. Mark Gilberd. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-9775330-2-2.
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