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Hemicrania continua

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Hemicrania continua
SpecialtyNeurology Edit this on Wikidata

Hemicrania continua (HC) is a persistent unilateral headache that responds to indomethacin. It is usually unremitting, but rare cases of remission have been documented.[1] Hemicrania continua is considered a primary headache disorder, meaning that it is not caused by another condition.

Classification

The International Headache Society's International Classification of Headache Disorders classifies hemicrania continua as a primary headache disorder.[2]

Diagnostic criteria

The following diagnostic criteria are given for hemicrania continua:[2]

  1. Headache for more than 3 months fulfilling other 3 criteria:
  2. All of the following characteristics:
    • Unilateral pain without side-shift
    • Daily and continuous, without pain-free periods
    • Moderate intensity, but with exacerbations of severe pain
  3. At least one of the following autonomic features occurs during exacerbations and ipsilateral to the side of pain:
  4. Complete response to therapeutic doses of indomethacin, although cases of hemicrania continua that do not resolve with indomethacin treatment have been documented.[3]

A variant on hemicrania continua has also been described, in which the attacks may shift sides, although meeting the above criteria in all other respects.[4][5][6][7]

Main features differentiating CPH from cluster headaches (migrainous neuralgia, above) are the higher frequency and shorter duration of attacks, higher incidence in women, and the response to treatment with indomethacin. CPH is not associated with cranial nerve palsies.

Epidemiology

Hemicrania was mentioned in 1881 in The Therapeutic Gazette Vol. 2, by G.S.Davis,[8] and the incident has been cited in King's American Dispensatory (1898 and later editions)[9] in the description of the strong analgesic Jamaican Dogwood, a relatively low dose of which reportedly produced convulsions and prolonged respiratory depression over six hours in an elderly woman with this condition.

In newer times, Hemicrania continua was described in 1981;[10] at that time around 130 cases were described in the literature.[10] However, rising awareness of the condition has led to increasingly frequent diagnosis in headache clinics, and it seems that it is not as rare as these figures would imply. The condition occurs more often in women than men and tends to present first in adulthood, although it has also been reported in children as young as 5 years old.[11]

Cause and diagnosis

The cause of hemicrania continua is unknown. There is no definitive diagnostic test for hemicrania continua. Diagnostic tests such as imaging studies may be ordered to rule out other causes for the headache. When the symptoms of hemicrania continua are present, it's considered "diagnostic" if they respond completely to indomethacin. The efficacy of indomethacin may not be long term for all patients, as can eventually become ineffective.

The factor that allows hemicrania continua and its exacerbations to be differentiated from migraine and cluster headache is that hemicrania continua is completely responsive to indomethacin. Triptans and other abortive medications do not affect hemicrania continua.

Symptoms

In addition to persistent daily headache of HC, which is usually mild to moderate (and frequently severe), HC can present other symptoms.[12] These additional symptoms of HC can be divided into three main categories:

  1. Autonomic symptoms:
    • conjunctival injection
    • tearing
    • rhinorrhea
    • nasal stuffiness
    • eyelid edema
    • forehead sweating
  2. Stabbing headaches:
    • Short, "jabbing" headaches superimposed over the persistent daily headache.
    • Usually lasting less than one minute.
  3. Migrainous features:

Treatment

Hemicrania continua generally responds only to indomethacin 25–300 mg daily, which must be continued long term. Unfortunately, gastrointestinal side effects are a common problem with indomethacin, which may require additional acid-suppression therapy to control.[13]

In patients who are unable to tolerate indomethacin, the use of celecoxib 400–800 mg per day (Celebrex) and rofecoxib 50 mg per day (Vioxx - no longer available) have both been shown to be effective and are likely to be associated with fewer GI side effects.[14] There have also been reports of two patients who were successfully managed with topiramate 100–200 mg per day (Topamax) although side effects with this treatment can also prove problematic.[7][15]

Greater Occipital Nerve [GON] block comprising 40 mg Depomedrone and 10mls of 1% Lignocaine injected into the affected nerve is effective, up to a period of approximately three months. Changing the 'cocktail' to include [for example] 10mls of .5% Marcaine and changing to 2% Lignocaine, whilst in theory should increase the longevity, renders the injection completely ineffective. See 4.2 Posology and method of administration [flocculation] [16] [17]

Occipital nerve stimulation may be highly effective when other treatments fail to relieve the intractable pain. [18]

References

  1. ^ Mark Thompson, "Hemicrania Continua"
  2. ^ a b "The International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD-2)" (PDF). the Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  3. ^ Prakash, S; Shah, N. D.; Bhanvadia, R. J. (2009). "Hemicrania continua unresponsive or partially responsive to indomethacin: Does it exist? A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 10 (1): 59–63. doi:10.1007/s10194-008-0088-9. PMC 3451756. PMID 19096758.
  4. ^ Newman LC, Lipton RB, Russell M, Solomon S (1992). "Hemicrania continua: attacks may alternate sides". Headache. 32 (5): 237–8. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3205237.x. PMID 1628961.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Marano E, Giampiero V, Gennaro DR, di Stasio E, Bonusa S, Sorge F (1994). ""Hemicrania continua": a possible case with alternating sides". Cephalalgia. 14 (4): 307–8. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1404305-4.x. PMID 7954766.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Newman LC, Spears RC, Lay CL (2004). "Hemicrania continua: a third case in which attacks alternate sides". Headache. 44 (8): 821–3. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04153.x. PMID 15330832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Matharu MS, Bradbury P, Swash M (2006). "Hemicrania continua: side alternation and response to topiramate". Cephalalgia. 26 (3): 341–4. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01034.x. PMID 16472344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Davis, G.S. (1881). The Therapeutic Gazette, Volume 2. p. 54.
  9. ^ King; Felter; Lloyd, John; Harvey Wickes; John Uri (1898). King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Co. p. 1511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Medina JL, Diamond S (1981). "Cluster headache variant. Spectrum of a new headache syndrome". Arch. Neurol. 38 (11): 705–9. doi:10.1001/archneur.1981.00510110065010. PMID 7305699.
  11. ^ Peres MF, Silberstein SD, Nahmias S, et al. (2001). "Hemicrania continua is not that rare". Neurology. 57 (6): 948–51. doi:10.1212/wnl.57.6.948. PMID 11577748.
  12. ^ Goadsby P, Silberstein S, Dodick D (205). Chronic Daily Headache for clinicians. B C Decker Inc. p. 220. ISBN 1-55009-265-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Pareja JA, Caminero AB, Franco E, Casado JL, Pascual J, Sánchez del Río M (2001). "Dose, efficacy and tolerability of long-term indomethacin treatment of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua". Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache. 21 (9): 906–10. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00287.x. PMID 11903285.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Peres MF, Silberstein SD (2002). "Hemicrania continua responds to cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors". Headache. 42 (6): 530–1. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02131.x. PMID 12167145.
  15. ^ Brighina F, Palermo A, Cosentino G, Fierro B (2007). "Prophylaxis of hemicrania continua: two new cases effectively treated with topiramate". Headache. 47 (3): 441–3. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00733.x. PMID 17371364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ http://www.drugs.com/uk/pdf/leaflet/261720.pdf
  17. ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.12053/abstract
  18. ^ http://www.neurologyreviews.com/the-publication/past-issue-sngle-view/occipital-nerve-stimulation-for-headache/7ef763329e4d7dd532baab0ce8087da9.html
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