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Henry Nicholas Ridley

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Henry Nicholas Ridley
Born(1855-12-10)10 December 1855
Died24 October 1956(1956-10-24) (aged 100)
NationalityBritish
Known forRubber industry on the Malay peninsula
AwardsLinnean Medal (1950)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsSingapore Botanic Gardens
Author abbrev. (botany)
The standard author abbreviation Ridl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]

Henry Nicholas Ridley CMG (1911), MA (Oxon), FRS,[1] FLS, F.R.H.S. (10 December 1855 – 24 October 1956) was an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees in the Malay Peninsula and, for the fervour with which he pursued it, came to be called as "Mad Ridley".

Life

Ridley beside a Hevea with herring-bone pattern bark incisions to tap rubber.[3]

Henry Ridley was the second son and third child born to Louisa Pole Stuart and Oliver Matthew Ridley in West Harling where his father was the Rector. At the age of three his mother died and his father moved to Cobham in Kent. He studied at Tonbridge and then went to Haileybury where his brother Stuart also studied. At Cobham, he had taken to the idea of collecting insects and he continued this at Haileybury where the school encouraged him to publish as "List of the Mammals and Coleoptera of Haleybury". The two brothers left Haileybury and Henry went to a private tutor at Medmenham near Henley who encouraged him in Zoology and then went to Oxford where he studied under Edwin Ray Lankester and George Rolleston while also taking an interest in botany and geology under the influence of Marmaduke Lawson and Joseph Prestwich. He graduated in 1878 and received a Burdett-Coutts scholarship that let him conduct research on fossil from quarries near Oxford. He then joined the British Museum in the botany department to replace Henry Trimen who had moved to Ceylon. He specialised in the monocotyledons and also began to travel around Europe. In 1887 he joined the Royal Society expedition with George Ramage to the island of Fernando de Noronha and published on the collections on returning.[4] In 1888 he applied and was selected for the post of director of Gardens and Forests in the Straits Settlements. He was to meet Odoardo Beccari at Florence for information and to meet Trimen at Peradeniya to learn about rubber cultivation along the route.[5]

Reaching Singapore, he was the first scientific director in charge of the botanical gardens and in charge of introducing new plants of economical value.[6] Ridley established the methods for harvesting latex from para-rubber plants which had been introduced ten years earlier by Sir Hugh Low[7] apart from starting a zoological section in the gardens in 1870. Ridley explored the regions around including Penang and Malacca. In 1894 his post was abolished as the expenditure was found to exceed the revenues obtained. Ridley returned briefly to England but the removal of the post was however objected to by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer and Ridley went back to Selangor to advise on forest reservation.[5]

Ridley spent many years promoting rubber as a commercial product, which he was known for being passionate; therefore, he was nicknamed "Mad Ridley".[8] In 1895, he discovered a means of tapping which did not seriously damage the rubber trees.[6] Ridley was also largely responsible for establishing the rubber industry on the Malay peninsula,[9] where he resided for twenty years. The area under para-rubber slowly increased after 1898 when a Chinese landowner, Tan Chay Yan, grew 40 acres successfully leading to more people taking to rubber cultivation.[5]

Ridley was also working on the botany of the region, collecting widely. He then returned to England in 1911 and stayed at Kew to work on a botanical treatise of the region. This five volume Flora was published from 1922 to 1925.[5] In 1930, he published a seminal and comprehensive work on plant dispersal. This work was the culmination of his own observations over several years, and a review of widely scattered literature on the subject.[10] On his 100th birthday in 1955 he received a visit from the High Commissioner of the soon-to-be independent Malaya.[6]

He married Lily Eliza Doran when he was 83 years old. Ridley died short of his 101st birthday on 24 October 1956.[5][11]

Publications

A near-complete list of publications can be found in the 80th birthday dedication issue of the Gardens' Bulletin (1935). The following are a few selected publications.[12]

  • Botanical papers, Singapore: Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch, 19 January 1889
  • Report on the destruction of coco-nut palms by beetles, Singapore: the Government Printing Office, 1889
  • "Malay plant names", The Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 30, Royal Asiatic Society: 32–120 [S.l.], July 1897
  • The story of the rubber industry, with an appendix by L. Lewton-Brain, showing the growth of the rubber industry in Malaya from 1905 to 1912, London: Waterlow
  • Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, Singapore: the Methodist Pub. House, 1907
  • The Scitamineae of the Philippine Islands, Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909
  • Spices, London: Macmillan, 1912
  • Flora of the Malay Peninsula, vol. Vols 1–5, London: L. Reeve & co., 1922–25 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  • The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World, Ashford, Kent: L. Reeve & Co, 1930

Eponymous species

Several species are named after Henry Ridley, including Diospyros ridleyi, Stenolepis ridleyi, and Amphisbaena ridleyi.[13] It has been claimed that the olive ridley sea turtle is named after him, but this has been questioned as there is insufficient evidence.[14] It is more likely that the turtle's common name comes from the word "riddle".[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Salisbury, E. J. (1957). "Henry Nicholas Ridley 1855-1956". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 141–159. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0010.
  2. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Ridl.
  3. ^ Wycherley, P.R. (1959). "The Singapore Botanic Gardens and Rubber in Malaya" (PDF). Gardens Bulletin, Singapore. 17: 175–186.
  4. ^ The Natural History of the Island of Fernando de Noronha. 1890.
  5. ^ a b c d e Burkill, I.H. (1958). "Obituaries: Henry Nicholas Ridley". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 169: 35. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1958.tb00808.x.
  6. ^ a b c Cornelius-Takahama, Vernon (29 March 2001), Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley, Singapore: National Library Board Singapore
  7. ^ Cowan, C. F. (1 January 1968). "SIR HUGH LOW, G.C.M.G. (1824–1905)". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 4 (7): NP–343. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1968.4.7.np. ISSN 0037-9778.
  8. ^ Leng, Dr Loh Wei; Keong, Khor Jin (19 September 2011). "Mad Ridley and the rubber boom". Malaysia History. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  9. ^ Holttum, R.E. (January–February 1957), "Henry Nicholas Ridley, C. M. G., F. R. S. 1855–1956", Taxon, 6 (1), International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT): 1–6, JSTOR 1217861.
  10. ^ Book review (14 March 1931), "The Dispersal of Plants throughout the World", Nature, 127 (3202): 399–400, doi:10.1038/127399a0
  11. ^ Hottum, R.E. (1960). "Henry Nicholas Ridley, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S.". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33 (1): 104–109. JSTOR 41505487.
  12. ^ "[Dedication to Henry Nicholas Ridley on his 80th birthday]". The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 9 (1): 1-48. 1935.
  13. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Ridley", p. 221).
  14. ^ Dundee, Harold A. (2001). "The Etymological Riddle of the Ridley Sea Turtle". Marine Turtle Newsletter. 58: 10–12.
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