Hexagonal chess
The term hexagonal chess designates a group of chess variants played on boards composed of hexagons. The best known is Gliński's variant, played on a symmetric 91-cell hexagonal board, the most frequently used board by hex chess variant inventors.[1][2]
Since each hexagonal cell not on a board edge has six neighbor cells, there is increased mobility for pieces compared to a standard orthogonal chessboard. (For example a rook has six natural directions for movement instead of four.) Three colors are typically used so that no two neighboring cells are the same color, and any game piece that is color-restricted (such as the bishop in orthodox chess) usually comes in sets of three per player in order to maintain the game's balance. Many different shapes and sizes of hexagon-based boards are used by variants. The nature of the game is also affected by the 30-degree orientation of the boardcells. (For example, when the sides of hex cells face the players, pawns typically have one straightforward move direction. If a variant's gameboard has cell vertices facing the players, pawns typically have two oblique-forward move directions.) The six sidedness of the symmetric hexagon gameboard has also resulted in a number of three-player variants.
The first applications of chess on hexagonal boards probably occurred mid-19th century, but two early examples did not include checkmate as the winning objective. More chess-like games for hex-based boards started appearing regularly at the beginning of the 20th century. Hex-celled gameboards have grown in use for strategy games generally; for example they are popularly used in modern wargaming.
Gliński's hexagonal chess
Gliński's hexagonal chess, invented by Władysław Gliński in 1936 and first launched in Britian in 1949, is probably the most widely played of the hexagonal chess variants. The game was popular in Eastern Europe, especially in Gliński's native Poland. At one point there were more than half a million players, and more than 130,000 board sets were sold.[3][4]
The game is played on a regular hexagonal board with 91 hex cells having three colors (light, dark, and mid-tone), with the middle cell (or "hex") usually mid-tone.[5] The usual set of chess pieces is increased by one bishop and one pawn. The board has 11 files, marked by letters a –l (letter j is not used), and 11 ranks (which bend 60° at file f). Ranks 1–6 each contain 11 cells, rank 7 (filled with black pawns in the initial setup) has 9 cells, rank 8 has 7, and so on. Rank 11 contains exactly one cell: f11.
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The above diagrams show how each piece moves. As in chess, the knight can jump over other pieces. A player's three bishops, relegated to different colors, can never meet. The queen moves as rook plus bishop. There is no castling in Gliński's hex chess.
Pawns move straight forward and capture obliquely forward to an adjacent cell (shown as red circles in the diagram); the pawn's capturing move direction is not diagonal like the bishop's move, as is the case in standard chess. All pawns can make a double step from their starting cells. If a pawn captures from its starting cell in such a way that it then occupies a starting cell of another pawn, it can still make a double move. For example, if the pawn on e4 were to capture a black piece on f5, the pawn retains the option to move to f7. The white pawn in the middle file (cell f5) cannot make a double step in the initial setup, since the target cell is occupied (a black pawn is on f7), but the double step move could be made later when the cell is empty. En passant captures are also possible: for example, if the black pawn on c7 in the above diagram moves to c5 in a single move, the white pawn on b5 can capture it: bxc6. Pawns promote on the last cell of a file; white pawns promote on the cells in the diagram marked with stars.
Stalemate is not a draw in Gliński's hex chess, but is still counted less than checkmate. In tournament games, the player who delivers stalemate earns 0.75 points, and the stalemated player (the player without a legal move) receives 0.25 points.
A numeric (or international) notation exists. Every other detail is exactly as in ICCF numeric notation, except there is no castling.
Dateline
1976. June: First Hexagonal Chess Congress at Bloomsbury Centre Hotel, London, which included the inauguration of the British Hexagonal Chess Federation and the first British Hexagonal Chess Championship. David Springgay took the title. December: First issue of "Hex Press" (Hexagonal Chess News) published.
1977. Hexagonal Chess was topic for many newspapers and magazines in Poland and other Eastern European countries. December: Second British Championship held at Clifton-Ford Hotel, London. Brian Rippon took the title.
1978. January: Inventor visited Poland. Successful Hexagonal Chess event staged. Wide publicity in Eastern Europe. `Wspolna Sprawa' produced and distributed over 90,000 inexpensive sets in 18 months. September: First International Team Match – Poland vs. G.B. at Central Hall, Westminster, London. Event shown on BBC and Australian TV, reported in press at home and abroad – including Japan.
1979. July: Third British Championship held at Polish Cultural Institute, London. Title taken by Simon Triggs, nearly 16 years old. August: Return International Team Match – Poland vs. G.B. in Warsaw. Sponsored by magazine "Horyzonty Technikili" (which includes a regular column on Hexagonal Chess). Whilst in Poland, Simon Triggs played the first mixed (6 square and 6 hexagonal boards) simultaneous display. Hexagonal Chess clubs formed in Poland, Czechoslovakia and USSR.
1980. August: International Congress at Polish Cultural Institute, London, which included: Inauguration of International Hexagonal Chess Federation, First European Championship, Team Match: Poland v G.B. Countries taking part: Austria, Great Britain, Hungary and Poland. Event covered by BBC TV and newspapers at home and abroad, including USSR ("Komsomolskaya Pravda" – 10,500,000 circulation), Austria and Hungary. Also radio in USA. First four places: 1: Marek Mackowiak (Poland), 2: Laszlo Rudolf (Hungary), 3: Jan Borawski (Poland), 4: Piers Shepperson (G.B.).
1981. September: First Hungarian Hexagonal Chess Championship in Szekszard. Title taken by Laszlo Sziraki. Fourth British Championship held at Woodford Bridge, Essex. Local and National press coverage, including picture in "The Times". Four players tied for first place. Final playoff arranged for October. October: Playoff held in association with the North London (square-board) Congress, when Simon Triggs retained his title.
1982. April: Second Hungarian Championship held in Miscolc. Laszlo Rudolf became the Hungarian Champion for 1982. June: Final agreement and arrangements completed with "Bohemia" in West Germany regarding production of a new complete Hexagonal Chess boxed game with roll-up double-sided board (hexagonal/square) and wooden pieces to be distributed in the West European market. July: An open Hexagonal Chess Tournament was held on 10th and 11th July in the famous Sokolniki Park in Moscow. Players from Moscow and elsewhere in the USSR took part in the competition. First place and the "Moscow Trophy" were taken by F. Goncharov. Second was S. Seryubin and Third V. Goltyapin. Judging from the reports received, this tournament has considerably accelerated the development and popularity of Hex Chess in the USSR. Further tournaments, including international team matches (over-the-board and correspondence) are being organized. Open International Tournament held in Pecs, Hungary, 24–31 July. This tournament was organized by the President of the Hungarian Hexagonal Chess Association, Mihaly Gelencser, and sponsored by the Zsolnay porcelain factory in Pecs, which also donated the "Zsolnay Cup" as well as other prizes of porcelain figures. The winner of the Tournament was Laszlo Rudolf (Hungary). Second place was taken by Simon Triggs (Great Britain). September: Fifth British Championship held in London. Simon Triggs (19) of Garston, Hertfordshire, won the title of British Hexagaonal Chess Champion for the third time in succession. Press Association attended and wrote lengthy background. All the "quality newspapers" took photographs. LBC Radio and BBC Radio London broadcast interviews.
McCooey's hexagonal chess
In 1978–79 Dave McCooey and Richard Honeycutt developed another variation of hexagonal chess very similar to Gliński's, having four differences: the starting array (including seven pawns per side instead of nine); the pawn's capturing move; pawns on the f-file are not permitted an initial double step; and stalemate is counted as a draw (players receive half a point).[6]
Pawn's move
The diagram at the left shows the pawn's move in McCooey's variant. The capturing move corresponds to a bishop's move: e.g. if the black pawn on e8 advances to e6, the white pawn on d5 may capture it en passant.
In the starting position, the f-file pawns may not advance two steps like the other pawns. The f-pawns are also not defended in the opening array, and in fact smothered mate would result if it were captured by a knight, although this possibility would rarely occur in practical play.
Endgame studies
These endgame studies apply to both Gliński's and McCooey's hexagonal variants:[7]
- king + two knights can checkmate a lone king;
- king + rook beats king + knight (no fortress draws and a negligible number (0.0019%) of perpetual check draws);
- king + rook beats king + bishop (no fortress draws and no perpetual check draws);
- king + two bishops cannot checkmate a lone king, except for some very rare positions (0.17%);
- king + knight + bishop cannot checkmate a lone king, except for some very rare positions (0.5%);
- king + queen does not beat king + rook: 4.3% of the positions are perpetual check draws, and 37.2% are fortress draws;
- king + rook can checkmate a lone king.
Shafran's hexagonal chess
Invented by Soviet geologist Isaak Grigorevich Shafran in 1939 and registered in 1956. It was demonstrated at the Worldwide Chess Exhibition in Leipzig in 1960.
The board is shaped as an irregular hexagon with nine files and ten ranks, comprising 70 hex cells as opposed to 91 in Gliński's board. The files are labelled a to i; the oblique ranks running diagonally from 10 to 4 o'clock are numbered 1 to 10. For example (see diagram), the two kings start on e1 and e10; White's rooks start on a1 and i5, and Black's rooks start on a6 and i10. Each player calls the left-hand side of the board his "queen's flank" and the right-hand side his "bishops' flank"; note that they do not correlate (White's queen's flank is Black's bishops' flank).
The pieces and pawns move and capture exactly as in McCooey's hex chess, with the exceptions of castling, and pawn first-move options. In Shafran's hex chess, a pawn's first move can take it to the middle of the file. (So, the d-, e-, and f-pawns may make a triple-step initial move; the b-, c-, g-, and h-pawns may make a double-step initially; and the a- and i-pawns can advance only one step.) When a pawn makes a multi-step move, it is subject to capture by en passant.
In the diagram of the left, the black pawn on d8 has three possible moves, but none is safe: after 1... d7 it can be captured 2. exd7; after 1... d6 it can be captured 2. exd7 e.p. or 2. cxd6; after 1... d5 it can be captured en passant by either pawn.
Castling is possible in Shafran's chess (unlike Gliński's or McCooey's). The usual restrictions apply. It can be long or short castling in either direction. The notation consists of Q- or B- (indicating whether the queen's or the bishops' rook is used) followed by 0-0-0 (long castling: the king moves next to the rook and the rook jumps over it) or 0-0 (short castling, the king moves one cell less distance). In the diagram, the black king on h10 has castled long queenside (1... Q-0-0-0) and the black king on c8 has castled short bishopside (1... B-0-0). Castling does not typically increase the king's safety or make the rook more active, but it is present in the game nonetheless, for completeness.
Stalemate is a draw in Shafran's hexagonal chess.
Brusky's hexagonal chess
Invented by Yakov Brusky in 1966. The game features an irregular hexagon board comprising 84 cells. Piece movement rules are the same as Gliński's hex chess, except for the pawns, of which there are ten instead of Gliński's nine. Other differences from Gliński's: castling is permitted; kings start on opposite wings of the board; and draws are worth half a point.[8][9]
Players may castle either short (0-0) or long (0-0-0). As in standard chess, the king slides two cells when castling short; three cells when castling long. Normal castling rules and restrictions apply.
As in algebraic notation, each cell is identified by a letter+number combination. Ranks are horizontal and identified by numbers 1–8. Files are straight and 30 degrees oblique to the vertical, identified by letters a–l. Moves can be recorded in long algebraic notation (LAN) to avoid confusion, for example: 1. d2-f4 rather than 1. df4.
Pawn's move
A pawn moves forward to an adjacent cell, or (as its first-move option), two cells forward in the same direction.
If an enemy man blocks a pawn from moving in one of its two forward move directions, then that pawn is automatically blocked from moving in the other direction as well. But if the blocking man is a friendly piece the effect is not the same—the pawn is still free to move in the unblocked direction.
A pawn captures diagonally forward, to a same-color cell on which the pawn stands. But only a pawn on its initial cell may capture straight forward; once a pawn has moved, it may capture only to the sides. (So, unless it is a wing pawn, an unmoved pawn has three capturing possibilities; a pawn that has moved, two.)
En passant captures are permitted in Brusky's hex chess.
Endgame studies
These endgame studies apply to Brusky's hexagonal variant:
- king + rook can checkmate a lone king;
- king + two knights can checkmate a lone king;
- king + two bishops can checkmate a lone king;
- king + bishop + knight can checkmate a lone king.
de Vasa's hexagonal chess
Invented by Helge E. de Vasa in 1953 and first published in Joseph Boyer's Nouveaux Jeux d'Echecs Non-orthodoxes (Paris, 1954). The rhombus-shaped board comprises 81 hex cells with initial setup as shown in the revised form of the game. Rules for piece movement are the same as Gliński's variant, except for the pawns. Castling is permitted, and kings start on opposite wings of the board.[11][12]
Players may castle either short (0-0) or long (0-0-0). As in standard chess, the king slides two cells when castling short; three cells when castling long. Normal castling rules and restrictions apply.
Pawn's move
Pawns start on the players' third ranks. A pawn moves forward to an adjacent cell, or (as its first-move option), two cells forward in the same direction. A pawn captures diagonally forward to the sides, to a same-color cell on which the pawn stands.
Other hexagonal variants
The first published hexagonal chess variant was the commercial game Hexagonia.[13][14] It was invented in 1864 by John Jaques & Son. The board had 127 cells; each side had 1 king, 2 cannons, 4 knights and 8 pawns. The winning objective was not checkmate, but rather to safely bring one's king to the central board cell.
In 1998 Derick Peterson invented the Grand Hexachess.[citation needed] In this variant the board is placed horizontally, placing each player's pieces to opposite sides. Pawns then have two forward possible moves (forward left and forward right) and three diagonal capturing movements possible (one directly in front). Precisely this was the motivation for this design, considering the fact that usually hexagonal chess pawn is the only piece that does not increase their mobility.
C'escacs 2007 is a Grand Gliński chess of 169 hexes.[15] It introduces a dragon (chancellor), two pegasi (cardinal, archbishop) and two almogavars to the Gliński's set. Pawn's moves are increased to allow forward 60° moves, and captures are the same way McCooey's chess. The scornful pawn capture additional rule counterbalances the excessive pawn mobility.
Multiplayer hexagonal variants
Multiplayer chess variants have existed since the beginning of the game, as chaturaji was a four-player version of chaturanga. Multiplayer chess introduces a diplomacy factor, turning the game into a quite a different one from two-player chess.
In 1984, Ronald Planesi invented the ImmortalStarMasters game. It is a chess or checkers variant for two to six players played on a hexagonal board.[16]
The original 1984 name of this game was Kingmaster., however, due to the U.S. Copyright Office's lack of support for title copyright protection, and asserted infringement, the name was changed. The board in this game is significantly larger than in Gliński's hexagonal chess in order to accommodate six players and placed in a such a way that each side of a large hexagon may be occupied by one of six players. Pieces are arranged essentially along traditional lines (bishops and knights exchange places to account for the hexagon variation) and one extra bishop is added so all spaces on the board are covered by bishops (a ninth pawn is also added to "seal" the third bishop within the initial structure). All pieces except pawn move in the same way as in Gliński's hexagonal chess. The pawn moves and captures similar to McCooey's chess, but within an individual territory a pawn can move in two forward directions and capture in three directions (one directly forward direction and two diagonally-forward directions), due to the particular orientations of a hexagon. In the central area pawns can move and capture in any direction.
Napoleonesque methods of play include two players each using three sets of pieces or three players each using two sets of pieces. The primary structural difference between ImmortalStarMasters and the listed hexagonal variants, other than the critical size of the board, is that the listed variants all allow a bishop to exit the initial structure as its first move without movement by any pawns whatsoever (concurrently meaning that a bishop is unprotected by any pawns and subject to immediate attack without the prior movement of a protecting pawn), which is an extreme violation of basic chess structure logic.
A two-player version uses essentially the same rules and can use the same board, but a smaller board is available and recommended for closer adherence to "number of pieces versus available space" (powers of force) considerations to match the "difficulty of play" as related to standard square-based chess.
See also
- Masonic Chess—a board with tiled squares and features similar to de Vasa's hex chess
- Cross Chess—a variant with extra pieces on a hexagonal board with cross-shaped cells
- Hexshogi—a two-player shogi variant played on a board with 85 hex cells
- Sannin shogi—a three-player shogi variant played on a hexagonal board
References
- ^ Pritchard, D. B. (1994). "Hexagonal Chess". The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. Games & Puzzles Publications. pp. 138–43. ISBN 0-9524142-0-1.
- ^ Pritchard, D. B. (2007). "Boards based on hexagons". The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. John Beasley. pp. 204–12. ISBN 978-0-9555168-0-1.
- ^ Pritchard (1994), p. 139
- ^
Pritchard, D. B. (1982). "Hexagonal Chess". Brain Games. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 90–97. ISBN 0-14-00.5682-3.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Wladyslow Gliński. Rules of Hexagonal Chess. ISBN 0-904195-00-7.
- ^ McCooey's Hexagonal Chess by Dave McCooey.
- ^ Endgame analysis for Hexagonal Chess by Dave McCooey
- ^ Pritchard (1994), pp. 142–43
- ^ Pritchard (2007), p. 210
- ^
Jelliss, G. P. (1992). "New Varieties of Hexagonal Chess". Variant Chess. 1 (8). British Chess Variants Society: 97–112. ISSN 0958-8248.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Pritchard (1994), pp. 141–42
- ^ Pritchard (2007), pp. 209-10
- ^ Pritchard (1994), p. 143
- ^ Pritchard (2007), p. 297
- ^ "C'escacs".
- ^ ImmortalStarMasters by Ronald D. Planesi
External links
- Gliński's variant
- Glinski's Hexagonal Chess by Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
- Hexagonal Chess by I G Shafran by Ivan Derzhanski
- Rules Russian page translated to English via Alta Vista [dead link]
- Scatha a free GUI and engine for Mac OS which plays Gliński's hexagonal chess
- Play.Chessvariants.org the Glinski's Hexagonal Chess PBM Game Courier
- Pathguy.com a simple Glinski's Hexagonal Chess program by Ed Friedlander
- Hexagonal Chess (1936) at BoardGameGeek
- McCooey's variant
- Hexagonal Chess by Dave McCooey, The Chess Variant Pages
- Pathguy.com a simple McCooey's Hexagonal Chess program by Ed Friedlander
- Shafran's variant
- Play.Chessvariants.org the Shafran's Hexagonal Chess PBM Game Courier
- Pathguy.com a simple Shafran's Hexagonal Chess program by Ed Friedlander
- Brusky's variant
- Pathguy.com a simple Brusky's Hexagonal Chess program by Ed Friedlander
- Other
- e2–e4 a bilingual comment on having three kinds of bishops
- Hexagonal chess computer software [dead link]