Hobo News
Hobo News was an early 20th-century newspaper for homeless migrant workers (hobos). It was published in St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati, Ohio,[1][2] by the International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) and its founder James Eads How. Hobo News was important for legitimatizing the hobo identity[3] and has been credited as a predecessor to the modern street newspaper movement.[4][5]
Original newspaper
Hobo News was published monthly with 16 pages and no advertisements,[1] and was distributed by street sellers for five cents[3][6] in bohemian areas. A subscription was 50 cents annually.[6] In 1919 it was raised to ten cents per issue or one dollar per year.[7][8] At its height, Hobo News reached a circulation of 20,000.
The newspaper's slogan was "Of the hoboes, by the hoboes and for the hoboes," and reader submissions formed a significant part of the paper.[7] Content included poems, essays, travelogues, and articles about the life and lore of hoboes, as well as news about labor organizing and unemployment.[1][2][4][6] Recurring writers included John X. Kelly, Nicholas Klein and William Schweitzer. More famous were Nina van Zandt Spies (widow of August Spies), Voltairine de Cleyre and Eugene Debs.[7] It was mostly read by the hobos themselves, but sometimes sold to the public as a way for the homeless to make money without begging, much like a modern street paper.[6]
Hobo News went by several names over the years. It was founded in 1913 as Hoboes Jungle Scout, and adopted the name Hobo News from 1915 to at least 1929.[7] After World War I and the U.S. government attacks on the radical Industrial Workers of the World many IWW supporters (Wobblies) joined the IBWA, and Hobo News became more radical and socialist. This caused trouble with the government and the paper lost its second-class mailing privileges. There was an internal rift, and eventually Hobo World was started as a radical competitor.[3][6] Accounts of the relations between the two vary, describing Hobo World as either a "competitor" to Hobo News,[3] a different name for the same paper,[7] or a replacement for it.[6]
Much of Hobo News was never archived. The New York Public Library has 19 issues ending in 1923. The St. Louis Public Library has 63 issues, starting with volume I, number I (April 1915).[7] It is unclear what became of the newspaper after How died in 1930.[4][7]
Second newspaper
There was also a second paper named Hobo News published from 1936 to 1948 in New York City;[9] it is uncertain whether this was related to the original Hobo News.[4] The highest circulation was 50,000, and was published by Ben "Coast Kid" (Hobo) Benson and under the direction of Pat "The Roaming Dreamer" Mulkern.[10] It contained advice for hobos, opinion pieces, cartoons, etc., and was sold for ten cents on street corners. When it went under in 1948 it was replaced by Bowery News (named after the Bowery area in Manhattan), but that paper was short-lived.[4][5]
References
- ^ a b c Anderson, Nels (1998). "8. How and the Hobos: Character sketch of J. E. How, "Millionaire Hobo"". On Hobos and Homelessness. University of Chicago Press. pp. 90-. ISBN 0-226-01966-7. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Dodge, Chris (1999). "Words on the Street: Homeless People's Newspapers". American Libraries: p. 60–62. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d DePastino, Todd (2003). Citizen hobo: how a century of homelessness shaped America. University of Chicago Press. pp. 103-. ISBN 0-226-14378-3. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Howley, Kevin (2005). Community Media: People, Places, and Communication Technologies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–4. ISBN 0-521-79228-2.
- ^ a b Heinz, Teresa L.; Levinson, David (2004). Encyclopedia of Homelessness (illustrated ed.). SAGE. pp. 34, 534, 736. ISBN 0-7619-2751-4. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Green, Norma Fay (23 July 1999). "Trying to write a history of the role of street newspapers in the social movement to alleviate poverty and homelessness". 4th conference of North American Street Newspaper Association. Street Paper Focus Group. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g Danky, James Philip (1998). Print Culture in a Diverse America (illustrated ed.). University of Illinois Press. pp. 102-. ISBN 0-252-06699-5. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Anderson, Nels (2005). "XIII. The Intellectual Life of the Hobo". In Piers Beirne (ed.). The hobo: the sociology of the homeless man. The Chicago School of Criminology 1914-1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–3. ISBN 0-415-38355-2. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "The Hobo News ~ A Street Newspaper". Hobo Nickel Society. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.[unreliable source?]
- ^ "For Hoboes". Time Magazine. 17 May 1937. Retrieved 16 March 2009.