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Hura crepitans

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Hura crepitans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Genus:
Hura
Species:
H. crepitans
Binomial name
Hura crepitans
Synonyms[1]
  • Hura brasiliensis Willd.
  • Hura senegalensis Baill.
  • Hura strepens Willd.

Hura crepitans, the sandbox tree,[2] also known as possumwood and jabillo, is an evergreen tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to tropical regions of North and South America, including the Amazon Rainforest. It is recognized by the many dark, pointed spines and smooth brown bark. These spines have caused it to be called Monkey no-climb.

Sandbox trees can grow to 60 metres (200 ft),[3] and the large ovate leaves grow to two feet wide. They are monoecious. The red flowers have no petals. Male flowers grow on long spikes; female flowers are solitary in axils. The fruit is a large capsule with explosive dehiscence; seeds can be launched at 70 metres per second (160 mph).[4] One source states that ripe capsules catapult their seeds as far as 100 metres (330 ft).[5] Another source states that seeds are thrown as far as 45 metres (148 ft) from a tree, with a mode of about 30 metres (98 ft).[3] It has also been known as the Dynamite tree, so named for the explosive sound of the ripe fruit as it splits into segments.

Its fruits are pumpkin-shaped capsules, 1.4–2 inches (3–5 cm) long, 2–3.2 inches (5–8 cm) diameter, with 16 carpels arranged radially. Its seeds are flattened and about 0.8 inches (2 cm) diameter. In parts of Tanzania in Africa it has become invasive.[6]

This tree prefers wet soil, and partial shade or partial sun to full sun. It is often cultivated for shade.

Fishermen have been said to use the milky, caustic sap from this tree to poison fish.[7] The Caribs made arrow poison from its sap.[8] The wood is used for furniture under the name "hura". Before more modern forms of pens were invented, the trees' unripe seed capsules were sawn in half to make decorative pen sandboxes (also called pounce pots), hence the name 'sandbox tree'.

  • Large sandbox tree in Honolulu
    Large sandbox tree in Honolulu
  • Hura crepitans in Vietnam
    Hura crepitans in Vietnam
  • Hura crepitans in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands
    Hura crepitans in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands
  • Spiny trunk of Hura crepitans
    Spiny trunk of Hura crepitans
  • Leaf of Hura crepitans
    Leaf of Hura crepitans
  • One of the 16 seeds in the fruit
    One of the 16 seeds in the fruit
  • One of the 16 seeds in the fruit, opposite side
    One of the 16 seeds in the fruit, opposite side

References

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  2. ^ "Hura crepitans". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b Swain, M. D.; Tom Beer (1977). "Explosive Seed Dispersal in Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae)". New Phytologist. 78 (3): 695–708. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1977.tb02174.x. JSTOR 2434538.
  4. ^ Vogel, Steven (March 2008). "The Flight of the Seed of Hura crepitans" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 2013-06-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Feldkamp, Susan (2006). Modern Biology. United States: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 618.
  6. ^ "Factsheet – Hura crepitans (Sandbox Tree)".
  7. ^ Handbook of So. American Indians, vol 3, p. 7
  8. ^ Jones, David E (2007). Poison Arrows: North American Indian Hunting and Warfare. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71428-1.
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