Jugerum
Iugerum, jugerum, iugera or iugus (in Latin, the last form, as a neuter noun of the third declension, is very common in the oblique cases and in the plural) was a Roman unit of measurement of area, 240 pedes (Roman feet) or 71.0 m in length and 120 pedes or 35.5 m in breadth, containing therefore 28,800 pedes quadratum.[1] That is 0.623 acre or 0.25 ha.
It was the double of the Actus Quadratus, and from this circumstance, according to some writers, it derived its name.[2] It seems probable that, as the word was evidently originally the same as iugum, a yoke, and as actus, in its original use, meant a path wide enough to drive a single beast along, that iugerum originally meant a path wide enough for a yoke of oxen, namely, the double of the actus in width; and that when actus quadratus was used for a square measure of surface, the iugerum, by a natural analogy, became the double of the actus quadratus; and that this new meaning of it superseded its old use as the double of the single actus.
Pliny the Elder states:
"That portion of land used to be known as a ‘jugerum,’ which was capable of being ploughed by a single ‘jugum,’ or yoke of oxen, in one day; an ‘actus’ being as much as the oxen could plough at a single spell, fairly estimated, without stopping. This last was one hundred and twenty feet in length; and two in length made a jugerum."[3]
The uncial division as was applied to the iugerum, its smallest part being the scrupulum of 100 sq ft or 9.2 m². Thus, the iugerum contained 288 scrupula (Varro, R. R. l.c.). The iugerum was the common measure of land among the Romans. Two iugera formed an heredium, a hundred heredia a centuria, and four centuriae a saltus. These divisions were derived from the original assignment of landed property, in which two iugera were given to each citizen as heritable property.[4]
Columella states:
"The square actus is bounded by 120 feet each way: when doubled it forms a iugerum, and it has derived the name iugerum from the fact that it was formed by joining."[5]
See also
References
- ^ Colum. R. R. v.i § 6; Quintil. i.18.
- ^ Varro, L. L. v.35. Müller, R. R. i.10. [Actus.]
- ^ Pliny the Elder: The Natural History (Book XVIII. Chapter 3). Translated by John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
- ^ Varro, l.c.; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. II, pp. 156– and Appendix II.
- ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella: On Agriculture (De Re Rustica, Book V). Translated by Forster and Heffner. Heinemann London MCMLIV.
Notes
- This article includes public domain material from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1842)