Justiciar

In medieval England and Ireland the Chief Justiciar (later known simply as the Justiciar) was roughly equivalent to a modern Prime Minister as the monarch's chief minister. Similar positions existed on the Continent, particularly in Norman Italy. The term is the English form of the medieval Latin justiciarius or justitiarius ('man of justice', i.e. judge).

A similar office was formed by imitation in Scotland, though there were usually two or three, the Justiciar of Scotia and Justiciar of Lothian (and in the 13th century the Justiciar of Galloway), these offices later evolving into a national one called Lord Justice-General.

England

In the Kingdom of England the term Justiciar originally referred to any officer of the King's Court (Curia Regis), or, indeed, anyone who possessed a law court of his own or was qualified to act as a judge in the shire-courts. In each English shire, the Sheriff was the king's representative in all matters. The only appeal against decisions of the Sheriff or his courts was to the king. During the reign of William Rufus many sheriffs were severely overworked; Rufus eased the burden by appointing local justiciars to ease the burden in some shires.

The Norman kings were often overseas and appointed a Justiciar, Regent or Lieutenant to represent them in the kingdom, as the Sheriff did in the shire. Later this post became known as the Chief Justiciar (or royal capital justiciar), although the titles were not generally used contemporaneously. Some historians claim the first in the post was Roger of Salisbury; Frank Barlow argues in favour of Bishop Ranulf Flambard, a functionary within the household of William I of England, as the first, and points out that the role began, perhaps, with Odo of Bayeux in his relationship with William I.

The Chief Justiciar was invariably a great noble or churchman, and the office became very powerful and important; enough indeed to be a threat to the King. The last great Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent, was removed from office in 1231, and the Chancellor soon took the position formerly occupied by the Chief Justiciar as second to the King in dignity, as well as in power and influence. Under King Edward I the office of Justiciar was replaced by separate heads for the three branches into which the King's Court was divided: Justices of the Court of Common Pleas, Justices of the Court of King's Bench and Barons of the Court of Exchequer.

List of (Chief) Justiciars

name	term	King(s)
Ralf Basset	1116	Henry I
Richard Basset (Justiciar)		Henry I
Roger of Salisbury		Henry I Stephen
Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester	1154-68 (jointly with Richard de Lici)	Henry II
Richard de Luci	1154-79	Henry II
Ranulf de Glanville	1180-89	Henry II Richard I
William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex	1189 (jointly with Hugh de Puiset)	Richard I
Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham	Dec. 1189-April 1190	Richard I
William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely	1189-91	Richard I
Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen	1191-93	Richard I
Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury	1194–98	Richard I
Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex	11 July 1198 - 14 October 1213	Richard I John
Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester	1213-1215	John
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent	1215-1232	John Henry III
Stephen de Segrave	?-1234	Henry III
Hugh Bigod	1258-60	Henry III
Hugh le Despencer	1260-May 1261	Henry III
Philip Basset	May 1261-?	Henry III

Scotland

In Scotland, Justiciars were the king's lieutenants for judicial and administrative purposes. The office was established in the 12th century, either by Alexander I or by his successor, David I.

The title of 'Justiciar' was reserved for two or three high officials, the chief one — the Justiciar of Scotia — having his jurisdiction to the north of the River Forth. The Justiciar of Lothian dealt with the part of the kingdom south of the Forth-Clyde line.

The role of Justiciar evolved into the current Lord Justice-General, the head of the High Court of Justiciary, head of the judiciary in Scotland and a member of the Royal Household.

The Duke of Argyll still holds the hereditary title of High Justiciar of Argyll, but no responsibilities now attach to it.

Other jurisdictions

The title Justiciar was given by Henry II of England to the Seneschal of Normandy.

In the 12th century, a magister justitiarius appeared in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, presiding over the Royal Court (Magna Curia), empowered, with his assistants, to decide, inter alia, all cases reserved to the Crown. There is no clear evidence that this title and office were borrowed from England; it was probably based on a Norman practice instituted in both realms. In the 13th century the office of justiciar was instituted in several principal localities around Sicily.

In medieval Sweden, the lagman ("lawreader") was the judge, or person learned in law, for a province, an area with several local district courts. Since the position corresponds to the general meaning of 'justiciar', 'justiciar' is often used to translate 'lagman' in English texts. Lagmän were generally also members of the Senate of the realm, an institution corresponding to the English Privy Council. Finally, the Swedish term 'riksdrots' is often translated as 'Lord High Justiciar of Sweden'.

In popular culture

In Advanced Dungeons and Dragons (aka 1st Edition), classes are given level titles, so characters are not referred to as being "1st level", "2nd level", etc. Paladins of 8th level are known as Justiciars.

White Wolf's roleplaying game Vampire: The Masquerade adapted the title of Justiciar, but changed the spelling to Justicar. In Vampire: The Masquerade, Justicars are the enforcers of the Traditions of the Camarilla. In a meeting of the Inner Circle every thirteen years, each of the seven clans of the Camarilla elect a single vampire to serve for the next thirteen years as Justicar for their clan.

The MMORPG World of Warcraft has awarded the title Justicar as a PvP title to Alliance players since patch 2.1, which was released on May 22, 2007.

In Warhammer 40,000, Justicar is the title of a Grey Knights squad leader, above the rank of Battle Brother and below Brother-Captain.

In the 2010 science fiction game Mass Effect 2, Justicar refers to a caste of revered warrior monks of the Asari race. One joins the player's party.

Sources

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England
• Du Cange, Glossarium (Niort, f885) s.v. Justitiarius (in Latin).