Karlis Osis
Karlis Osis | |
|---|---|
| Born | Kārlis Osis |
| Died | USA |
| Nationality | Latvian |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Parapsychology |
Karlis Osis (26 December 1917 – 26 December 1997) was a Latvian-born parapsychologist who specialised in exploring deathbed phenomena and life after death.[1]
Biography
Karlis' first research, conducted in the 1940s, was inspired by the work of William Fletcher Barrett, specifically his book, Death Bed Visions.[2] In an attempt to build on Barrett's research, he and Erlendur Haraldsson conducted a four-year study whereby they sent out hundreds of questionnaires to doctors and nurses in both the US and northern India, asking them about their observations regarding dying patients.[3] The results, covering 50,000 patients, showed that a large proportion reported their adult patients seeing visions just before death.[2]
Their research highlighted differences between cultural experiences near death.[4] They found that a person's religion greatly influenced what was seen and that this was most apparent when observing the differences between Indian and American experience where Indian patients were far more likely to see a personification of death than Americans.[4]
He repeated this experiment again in 1976, this time investigating the effects high fevers, painkillers and diseases which specifically affect the brain, had on a patients reported experiences at the time of death.[5] Despite the far smaller pool of data (the newer study involved just 877 doctors in the USA alone), Osis concluded to his satisfaction that what he called the "sick brain hypothesis" – that the decrease of brain activity was causally linked to near death experiences – did not stand up to scrutiny.[5]
On being asked about the practical applications of his theories, Osis remarked that "One definite finding of the research is the diminishing fear of death".[6]
In 1957, Osis became the director of the Parapsychology Foundation in New York, being elected as president in 1961.[1] In 1962, he began working with the American Society for Psychical Research, work which continued for many years.[7] In 1971, he and Haraldsson co-authored the book At the Hour of Death, describing the results of their research.[8]
Alex Tanous
In the 1970s Osis conducted many out-of-body experience (OBE) experiments with the psychic Alex Tanous. For a series of these experiments he was asked whilst in an OBE state to try and identify coloured targets that were placed in remote locations. Osis reported that in 197 trials there were 114 hits. However, the controls to the experiments have been criticized and according to Susan Blackmore the final result was not particularly significant as 108 hits would be expected by chance. Blackmore noted that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in the OBE".[9]
In 1980, Osis carried out another experiment with Tanous. He would attempt to leave his body to a shielded chamber to identify a target that contained strain gauges which would detect mechanical activity. Osis reported that from the results Tanous had left his body and was present at the target location. This conclusion has been criticized. The baseline activity of the device was not measured and the overall hit rate was not reported by Osis. According to Blackmore when she calculated the hit rate from the data "overall the subject made no more hits than would be expected by chance. This implies that any hits made were likely to have been due to chance and not an OBE. Osis's conclusion therefore seems quite unjustified and the results do not unambiguously support the idea that Alex Tanous was able to influence the strain gauges with his OBE presence."[10]
Osis also conducted experiments with volunteers in a soundproof chamber in an attempt to get them to move a pendulum from a distance. Magician Milbourne Christopher has written that none of Osis's "out-of-the-body experiments can be properly evaluated; complete data about them have never been published."[11] Science writer Mary Roach suggested that Osis was a "deluded or sloppy researcher."[12]
Reception
The method Osis and Haraldsson used to collect data has drawn criticism from the skeptical community.[13] According to Terence Hines:
Osis and Haraldsson’s (1977) study was based on replies received from ten thousand questionnaires sent to doctors and nurses in the United States and India. Only 6.4 percent were returned. Since it was the doctors and nurses who were giving the reports, not the patients who had, presumably, actually had the experience, the reports were secondhand. This means they had passed through two highly fallible and constructive human memory systems (the doctor’s or nurse’s and the actual patient’s) before reaching Osis and Haraldsson.[14]
The psychologist James Alcock criticized the study as it was anecdotal and described their results as "unreliable and unintepretable."[15] Paul Kurtz also criticized the study, saying all of the data was second-hand and influenced by cultural expectations.[16]
Books
- Haraldsson, Erlendur; Osis, Karlis. (2006). At the Hour of Death. Hastings House / Daytrips Publishers; 3RD edition. ISBN 0-8038-9386-8
References
- ^ a b "Osis, Karlis [1917–1997]". The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Vol. 1. Harper Element. 2006. pp. 505–506.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Wilson, Colin (December 28, 2006). "Ghosts of the Tsunami; Spectres on the beach. Voices calling from empty buildings. On the second anniversary of the tsunami, the extraordinary story of how one British couple set out to bring peace to the victims' spirits". Daily Mail. p. 54.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Reitman, Valerie (July 4, 2004). "When dying plan for earthly journeys: People who experience 'nearing death awareness' say they are going on a trip or trying to finish something". Calgary Herald. pp. B5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Menz, Robert L. (Winter 1984). "The Denial of Death and the Out-of-the-Body Experience". Journal of Religion and Health. 23 (4). Springer: 326. doi:10.1007/BF00991391. JSTOR 27505797.
- ^ a b Woodward, Kenneth L. (July 12, 1976). "Life After Death?". Newsweek. p. 41.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Near-death Experiences Illuminate Dying Itself". New York Times. October 28, 1986. p. 8.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths Osis, Dr. Karlis". The New York Times. December 29, 1997. pp. Section B, Page 8.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Monaghan, Charles (November 9, 1986). The Washington Post. pp. X23.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Blackmore, Susan. (1983). Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences. Granada Publishing Limited. pp. 193-195
- ^ Blackmore, Susan. (1983). Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences. Granada Publishing Limited. p. 223
- ^ Christopher, Milbourne. (1979). Search For The Soul: An Insider's Report On The Continuing Quest By Psychics and Scientists For Evidence Of Life After Death. Crowell. pp. 93-94
- ^ Roach, Mary. (2010). Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife. Canongate Books. pp. 262-263
- ^ Hövelmann, Gerd. (1985). Evidence for Survival from Near-Death Experiences? A Critical Appraisal. In Paul Kurtz. A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 645-684. ISBN 0-87975-300-5
- ^ Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 102. ISBN 1-57392-979-4
- ^ Alcock, James. (1981). Psychology and Near-Death Experiences. In Kendrick Frazier. Paranormal Borderlands of Science. Prometheus Books. pp. 153-169. ISBN 0-87975-148-7
- ^ Kurtz, Paul (2000). "The New Paranatural Paradigm: Claims of Communicating with the Dead - CSI". Csicop. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
