Kiwi (bird): Difference between revisions
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Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]], [[ecology]], behaviour, [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], geographic distribution and parasites of the North Island Brown Kiwi has led scientists to propose that the Brown Kiwi is three distinct species. The North Island Brown Kiwi; the Okarito Brown Kiwi (Rowi), whose distribution is restricted to a single site on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand; and a third distinct population of the North Island Brown Kiwi, the Southern Tokoeka, distributed in the in lowland forest to the north of [[Franz Josef glacier]] in the South Island and on [[Stewart Island]], with a small population near [[Haast]] being another possibly distinct species, the Haast Tokoeka. |
Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]], [[ecology]], behaviour, [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], geographic distribution and parasites of the North Island Brown Kiwi has led scientists to propose that the Brown Kiwi is three distinct species. The North Island Brown Kiwi; the Okarito Brown Kiwi (Rowi), whose distribution is restricted to a single site on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand; and a third distinct population of the North Island Brown Kiwi, the Southern Tokoeka, distributed in the in lowland forest to the north of [[Franz Josef glacier]] in the South Island and on [[Stewart Island]], with a small population near [[Haast]] being another possibly distinct species, the Haast Tokoeka. |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
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Prior to the arrival of humans in the 13th century or earlier, New Zealand's only endemic [[mammal]]s were three species of [[bat]], and the [[ecological niche]]s that in other parts of the world were filled by creatures as diverse as horses, wolves and mice were taken up by birds (and, to a lesser extent, reptiles). |
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Kiwi are shy and usually [[nocturnal]]. Their mostly nocturnal habits may be a result of habitat intrusion by predators, including humans: in areas of New Zealand where introduced predators have been removed, such as sanctuaries kiwis are often seen in daylight. Kiwis are creatures with a highly developed [[olfaction|sense of smell]], most unusual in a bird, and are the only birds with nostrils at the end of their long bill. Kiwi eat small invertebrates, seeds, grubs, and many varieties of worms. They also may eat fruit, small crayfish, eels and amphibians. Because their nostrils are located at the end of their long beaks, Kiwi can locate insects and worms underground without actually seeing or feeling them.<ref>Because a bird's beak is generally measured from the tip to the nostril, this (technically) gives Kiwi the shortest beak of any bird.</ref> |
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[[Image:1898 kiwi 6d red.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kiwi on 1898 New Zealand stamp.]] |
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Once bonded as a monogamous couple, a male and female kiwi tend to live their whole lives together as a monogamous couple. During the mating season, June to March, the pair call to each other at night, and meet in the nesting burrow every three days. These relationships may last for up to 20 years.<ref>[http://www.kiwirecovery.org.nz/AboutTheBird/KiwiLifeCycle/Mating.htm KiwiRecovery.org]</ref> Kiwi eggs can weigh up to one quarter the weight of the female. Usually only one egg is laid per season. Although the kiwi is about the size of a domestic chicken, it is able to lay eggs that are about six times the size of a chicken's egg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savethekiwi.org.nz/AboutTheBird/KiwiLifeCycle/Producinganegg.htm|title=Producing an Egg|accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> |
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Their adaptation to a terrestrial life is extensive: like all [[ratites]] they have no keel on the breastbone to anchor wing muscles, and barely any wings either: the vestiges are so small that they are invisible under the kiwi's bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. While birds generally have hollow bones to save [[weight]] and make flight practicable, kiwi have marrow, in the style of mammals. With no constraints on weight from flight requirements, some Brown Kiwi females carry and lay a single 450 [[gram|g]] [[Egg (biology)|egg]]. |
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It was long presumed that the kiwi's closest relatives were the other New Zealand ratites, the [[moa]]. However recent [[DNA]] studies indicate that the [[Ostrich]] is more closely related to the [[moa]] and the kiwi's closest relatives are the [[Emu]] and the [[cassowary|cassowaries]]. This theory suggests that the kiwi's ancestors arrived in New Zealand from elsewhere in [[Australasia]] well after the [[moa]]. According to British scientists, the kiwi may be an ancient import from Australia. Researchers of [[Oxford University]] have found [[DNA]] evidence connected to Australia's [[Emu]] and the [[Ostrich]] of Africa. Upon examining [[DNA]] from New Zealand's native [[moa]], they believe that the kiwi is more closely related to its Australian cousins.<ref> [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s243830.htm News In Science]</ref> |
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[[Image:TeTuatahianui.jpg |thumb|North Island Brown Kiwi]] |
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==Discovery and documentation== |
==Discovery and documentation== |
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Revision as of 14:08, 7 February 2008
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Family: | Apterygidae G.R. Gray, 1840
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| Genus: | Apteryx Shaw, 1813
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| Species | |
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See text. | |
A kiwi is any of the species of flightless birds endemic to New Zealand of the genus Apteryx (the only genus in family Apterygidae). At around the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites. All kiwi species are endangered. The kiwi is also a national symbol of New Zealand.
Species
Currently, there are five accepted species (one of which has four sub-species), plus one to be formally described.
- The largest species is the Great Spotted Kiwi or Roroa, Apteryx haastii, which stands about 45 cm (17.7 inches) high and weighs about 3.3 kg. (Males about 2.4 kg) It has grey-brown plumage with lighter bands. The female lays just one egg, with both sexes incubating. Population is estimated to be over 20,000, distributed through the more mountainous parts of northwest Nelson, the northern West Coast, and the Southern Alps.
- The very small Little Spotted Kiwi, Apteryx owenii is unable to withstand predation by introduced pigs, stoats and cats and is extinct on the mainland because of these reasons. About 1350 remain on Kapiti Island and it has been introduced to other predator-free islands and appears to be becoming established with about 50 'Little Spots' on each island. A docile bird the size of a bantam, it stands 25 cm (9.8 inches) high and the female weighs 1.3 kg. She lays one egg which is incubated by the male.
- The Rowi, also known as the Okarito Brown Kiwi or Apteryx rowi, is a recently identified species, slightly smaller, with a greyish tinge to the plumage and sometimes white facial feathers. Females lay as many as three eggs in a season, each one in a different nest. Male and female both incubate. Distribution of these kiwi are limited to a small area on the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand.
- The Tokoeka, Apteryx australis, relatively common species of kiwi known from south and west parts of South Island that occurs at most elevations. It is approximately the size of the Great Spotted Kiwi and is similar in appearance to the Brown Kiwi but its plumage is lighter in colour.
- The Stewart Island Tokoeka, Apteryx australis lawryi, is a subspecies of Tokoeka from Stewart Island.
- The Haast Tokoeka, Apteryx australis ?, is the rarest species of kiwi with only about 300 individuals. It was identified as a distinct form in 1993. It only occurs in a restricted area in South Island's Haast Range at an altitude of 1,500 m. This form is distinguished by a more strongly downcurved bill and more rufous plumage.
- The Northern Fiordland Tokoeka ( Apteryx australis ?) and Southern Fiordland Tokoeka (Apteryx australis ?) live in the remote southwest part of South Island known as Fiordland. These sub-species of Tokoeka are relatively common and are nearly 40 cm (16 inches) tall.
- The North Island Brown Kiwi, Apteryx mantelli or Apteryx australis before 2000 (and still in some sources), is widespread in the northern two-thirds of the North Island and, with about 35,000 remaining, is the most common kiwi. Females stand about 40 cm (16 inches) high and weigh about 2.8 kg, the males about 2.2 kg. The North Island Brown has demonstrated a remarkable resilience: it adapts to a wide range of habitats, even non-native forests and some farmland. The plumage is streaky red-brown and spiky. The female usually lays two eggs, which are incubated by the male.
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA, ecology, behaviour, morphology, geographic distribution and parasites of the North Island Brown Kiwi has led scientists to propose that the Brown Kiwi is three distinct species. The North Island Brown Kiwi; the Okarito Brown Kiwi (Rowi), whose distribution is restricted to a single site on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand; and a third distinct population of the North Island Brown Kiwi, the Southern Tokoeka, distributed in the in lowland forest to the north of Franz Josef glacier in the South Island and on Stewart Island, with a small population near Haast being another possibly distinct species, the Haast Tokoeka.
Discovery and documentation
The first kiwi specimen to be studied by Europeans was a kiwi skin brought to George Shaw by Captain Andrew Barclay aboard the ship Providence, who was reported to have been given it by a sealer in Sydney Harbour around 1811. George Shaw gave the kiwi its scientific name and drew sketches of the way he imagined a live bird to look which appeared as plates 1057 and 1058 in volume 24 of The Naturalist's Miscellany in 1813.
In Popular Culture
A kiwi going by its scientific name Apteryx is a character in the American comic strip B.C.
See also
- Aroha Island
- Bulford Kiwi a giant chalk Kiwi carved into a hillside in England by Kiwi Troops waiting to go home at the end of WW1 - still there today
References
- Bizarre and Beautiful Noses. Sante Fe, New Mexico: John Muir Publications, 1993.
- Burbidge M.L., Colbourne R.M., Robertson H.A., and Baker A.J. (2003). Molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwi. Conservation Genetics, 4(2):167-177
- Cooper, Alan et al (2001). Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Nature, 409: 704-707.
- News In Science
- NHNZ has made a 60 minute television documentary called Kiwi a Natural History, produced in 1991.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apterygidae.
- Great Spotted Kiwi - ARKive
- Kiwi: New Zealand Department of Conservation
- H.A. Robertson (2003). "Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) recovery plan 1996–2006. (Threatened Species Recovery Plan 50)" (PDF). Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- Save The Kiwi (formerly Kiwi Recovery)
- Willowbank Wildlife Reserve, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Online Encyclopedia entry "Kiwi"
- TerraNature pages on kiwi