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Kuber

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This article is about 7th century Bulgarian leader. For the Hindu god, see Kubera.

Kuber[1] (also Kouber or Kuver) was a Bulgar leader who according to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius led in the 670s, a mixed Bulgar and Byzantine Christian population, whose ancestors had been transferred from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Syrmia region in Pannonia by the Avars 60 years earlier.[2][3] According to a scholarly theory, he was the son of Kubrat, brother of Khan Asparukh and member of the Dulo clan.

Origins

Kuber's story was recorded in the second book of the Miracles of Saint Demetrius.[4][5] The book is a hagiographic work, written in Thessaloniki in the 680s or 690s.[6][7] According to a scholarly theory, first proposed by the Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski, Kuber was the fourth son of Kubrat, the Christian ruler of the Onogur Bulgars in the steppes north of the Black Sea.[4][8] Kubrat's (unnamed) fourth son, who left the Pontic steppes after his father's death around 642, became "the subject of the [Khagan] of the Avars in Avar Pannonia and remained there with his army",[9] according to the Byzantine scholar, Theophanes the Confessor.[5] The American historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. writes that, if Zlatarski's theory is correct, Kuber was named for his father, because Kuber and Kubrat are most probably two Greek versions of the same Bulgar name.[5]

In Avar Pannonia

Syrmia, the region governed by Kuber in the Avar Khaganate

Kuber was the ruler of a mixed population in the former Roman province of Pannonia Secunda, including the descendants of the prisoners of war whom the Avars had captured in the Balkan Peninsula and settled around Sirmium.[4][5][10] He was made governor by the khagan.[7][11] Historian Samuel Szádeczky-Kardoss – who accepts Kuber's identification as Kubrat's son and thus a scion of the royal Dulo clan – writes that Kuber became governor of that region, because the Khagan wanted to separate him from his Bulgar subjects who had followed him from the Pontic steppes.[4] Kuber's subjects called themselves Sermesianoi,[11] but the Byzantines regarded them "Bulgars".[12] They preserved their Christian traditions, although their ancestors had been taken to the Avar Khaganate about 60 years before Kuber's appointment.[5]

The Sermesianoi did not cease to dream of their return to their ancestors' homes.[5] Taking advantage of his subjects' feelings, Kuber rose up in open rebellion against the Khagan "in our times", according to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius.[13] Modern historians say that Kuber's rebellion occurred in the 670s or early 680s.[11][12][14] Around 70,000[15] Sermesianoi joined him and departed for the Byzantine Empire.[7] The khagan attempted to hinder their migration, but they routed the Avars in five or six battles and crossed the river Danube.[7]

In Macedonia

Further information: Mauros
Bulgaria of Kuber
Seal of Mauros, one of Kuber's chief associates, from 684–685 AD. The inscription says: "Of Mauros, patrikios and archon of the Sermesianoi and Bulgaroi".

Kuber and his people moved as far as the region of Thessaloniki.[7][16] He decided to settle together with the Sermesianoi in a plain and sent his envoy to the Byzantine Emperor, whom the Miracles of Saint Demetrios did not name, to request his permission.[7] The emperor gave his consent and ordered the nearby Slavic tribe of the Dragovites to supply Kuber and his people with food.[7][11] However, Kuber's people still wanted to go back to their ancestral homes and started to disperse.[7] Fearing of the decline of his power base, Kuber asked the emperor to forbid the Sermesianoi to leave the plain and to confirm Kuber's position as their ruler.[7] His request seems to have been rejected, because he attempted to seize Thessaloniki, taking advantage of a civil war in the city.[7] However, Saint Demetrius unmasked Kuber's agents who tried to open the gates of Thessaloniki, hindering him from entering the city, according to the saint's hagiography.[7]

There is no more information of Kuber's life.[17] Some modern historians – including Zlatarski and Cankova-Petkova – say that he established a Bulgar state in Macedonia which existed in parallel with Khan Asparukh's Bulgarian Empire.[18] They also write that the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II who had subjugated the Slavic tribes around Thessaloniki was ambushed and defeated by the Bulgars from Kuber's state on his return to Constantinople in 689.[18][19] In the beginning of the 8th century Asparukh's son, Tervel, is said[by whom?] to have cooperated with "his uncles" from Macedonia.[20]

According to Macedonian archaeologist Ivan Mikulčić, archaeological findings – fortresses,[where?] burial assemblages,[where?] lead seals,[where?] amulets and various other products of metallurgy and pottery – confirms the presence of Kuber's people in Macedonia and eastern Albania.[21] For instance, he attributes the treasures found at Vrap and Ersekë to them.[21]

Honour

Kuber Peak in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kuber.[22]

References

  1. ^ Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe, Dennis P. Hupchick, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, ISBN 0312121164, p. 138.
  2. ^ Curta
  3. ^ Fine
  4. ^ a b c d Szádeczky-Kardoss 1990, p. 215.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Fine 1991, p. 44.
  6. ^ Curta 2001, pp. 61–62.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fine 1991, p. 45.
  8. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 44, 46.
  9. ^ The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (357.13.), p. 498.
  10. ^ Szymański & Dąbrowska 1979, p. 59.
  11. ^ a b c d Curta 2006, p. 106.
  12. ^ a b Hupchik 2002, p. 33.
  13. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 45, 46–47.
  14. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 46–48.
  15. ^ Микулчиќ 1996, p. 71.
  16. ^ Szádeczky-Kardoss 1990, p. 216.
  17. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 45–46.
  18. ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 72.
  19. ^ Hupchik 2002, p. 35.
  20. ^ Веселин Бешевлиев, "Първобългарски надписи", Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1979, стр. 94 / "Protobulgarian inscriptions", Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1979, p. 94
  21. ^ a b Микулчиќ 1996, pp. 29–33.
  22. ^ Kuber Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

Sources

Primary sources

  • The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813 (Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott with the assistance of Geoffrey Greatrex) (2006). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822568-3.

Secondary sources

  • Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs. History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c. 500-700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80202-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hupchik, Dennis P (2002). The Balkans. From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave MacMillans. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Микулчиќ, Иван (1996). Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македониjа [Medieval towns and castles in the Republic of Macedonia]. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. ISBN 9989-649-08-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Szymański, Wojciech; Dąbrowska, Elżbieta (1979). Awarzy. Węgrzy [Avars. Hungarians]. Ossolineum. ISBN 83-04-00246-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Szádeczky-Kardoss, Samuel (1990). "The Avars". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Volume I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–228. ISBN 0-521-24304-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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