Kumano shrine
A Kumano shrine (熊野神社, Kumano Jinja) is a type of Shinto shrine which enshrines the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi (Kumano Gongen (熊野権現)).[1] There are more than 3000 Kumano shrines in Japan, and each has received its kami from another Kumano shrine through a process of propagation called bunrei (分霊) or kanjō (勧請).
The point of origin of the Kumano cult is the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex of Wakayama Prefecture, which includes Kumano Hayatama Taisha (熊野速玉大社) (Shingū, Wakayama), Kumano Hongū Taisha (Tanabe, Wakayama) and Kumano Nachi Taisha (Nachikatsuura, Wakayama).[2]
Kumano Sanzan
The three Kumano Sanzan shrines are the Sōhonsha ("head shrines") of all Kumano shrines and lie between 20 to 40 km from each other.[2] They are connected to each other by the pilgrimage route known as "Kumano Sankeimichi" (熊野参詣道).[2] The great Kumano Sanzan complex also includes two Buddhist temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji.[3]
The religious significance of the Kumano region goes back to prehistoric times and therefore predates all modern religions in Japan.[3] The area was, and still is, considered a place of physical healing.[3] Each shrine initially had its own separate form of nature worship, but in the 10th century, under the influence of Buddhism, the three came to be worshiped together as the three deities of Kumano.[3] Because at the time Japanese kami were believed to be emanations of Indian buddhas (honji suijaku theory), the three came to be associated with the Buddhas Kuniyasutamahime became associated with Avalokiteśvara sahasrabhūja (Senju Kannon, "Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara"), Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai) and Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).[2][4] The site became, therefore, a unique example of shinbutsu-shūgō or the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese indigenous religion.[3] Thereafter the Kumano Sanzan site attracted many worshipers and became a popular pilgrimage destination.[2] In the 11th century pilgrims were mostly members of the Imperial family or aristocrats, but four centuries later they were mostly commoners.[3] Pilgrims were called the "Kumano ants" (蟻の熊野) because they could be seen winding through the valleys like so many ants.
See also
Notes
- ^ Encyclopedia of Shinto, Kumano Shinkō, accessed on October 6, 2008
- ^ a b c d e Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"
- ^ a b c d e f Kumano Sanzan
- ^ Breen, John, Mark Teeuwen (editors) (July 2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2363-4. OCLC 43487317.
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References
- D. Max Moerman, Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan. Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 0674013956
- Moerman, David (1997). The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374
External links
- Japanese Wikipedia article "ja:熊野神社" accessed on June 12, 2008
- Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau