View source for Labialization

{{short description|Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages}}
{{redirect|Lip rounding|the lip rounding of vowels|Roundedness}}
{{about|labial rounding|internal rounding|sulcalization}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Labialized
| ipa symbol  = ◌ᵝ
}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion
| ipa symbol  = ◌ʷ
}}
{{Sound change}}

'''Labialization''' is a [[Secondary articulation|secondary articulatory]] feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the [[Human mouth|oral cavity]] produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to [[consonant]]s. When vowels involve the lips, they are called [[roundedness|rounded]].

The most common labialized consonants are [[Labialized velar consonant|labialized velars]]. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous [[velarization]], and the process may then be more precisely called '''labio-velarization'''. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to '''protrusion''' instead of a secondary articulatory feature [[velarization]]. [pʷ] doesn't mean [pˠ] although [w] refers to a [[labial–velar approximant]]. 

In [[phonology]], labialization may also refer to a type of [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] process.

== Occurrence ==

Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] (e.g. [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]), [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]], and [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] [[language family|language families]], among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the common ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]]; and it survives in [[Latin language|Latin]] and some [[Romance languages]]. It is also found in the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] and [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethio-Semitic]] languages.

[[American English]] labializes {{IPA|/r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/}} to various degrees.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

A few languages, including [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]] and [[Mba language|Mba]], have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.

In many [[Salishan languages]], such as [[Klallam language|Klallam]], velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.

==Types==
{{Infobox IPA
| above      = Open-labialized
| ipa symbol = ◌ꟹ
| ipa number = 
| decimal1   = 
}}

Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by {{Harvcoltxt|Ruhlen|1976}}, labialization occurred most often with [[velar consonant|velar]] (42%) and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] (15%) segments and least often with [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include [[velarization]] as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as [[allophone|allophonic]] realizations of prototypical labialization:

* Labiodental frication, found in [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<ref name="ARA">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized|title = Annual Review of Anthropology|year = 1977|isbn = 9780824319069| last1=Siegel | first1=Bernard J. | publisher=Annual Reviews Incorporated }}</ref>
* Complete bilabial closure, {{IPA|[d͡b, t͡p, t͡pʼ]}}, found in Abkhaz and [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]<ref name="ARA" />
* "Labialization" ({{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the [[Iroquoian languages]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. It may be that they are [[roundedness|compressed]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* Rounding without velarization, found in [[Shona language|Shona]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and in the [[Bzyb dialect]] of [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[Eastern Arrernte]] has labialization at all [[place of articulation|places]] and [[manner of articulation|manners of articulation]]; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]]. [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] also has phonemic labialization as a [[secondary articulation]] at all places of articulation except for [[labial consonant]]s and [[coronal consonant|coronal]] [[obstruent consonant|obstruent]]s.

In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See [[Tillamook language]] for an example.

=== Prelabialization ===
In [[Slovene language|Slovene]], sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare {{Wikt-lang|sl|stati}} 'stand' {{IPA|[ˈs̪t̪àːt̪í]}} and {{Wikt-lang|sl|vstati}} 'stand up' {{IPA|[ˈʷs̪t̪àːt̪í]}}. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. {{Wikt-lang|sl|vzeti}} 'take' {{IPA|[ˈʷz̪èːt̪í]}} and {{Wikt-lang|sl|povzeti}} 'summarize' {{IPA|[pou̯ˈz̪èːt̪í]}}.<ref>{{citation |last=Jurgec |first=Peter |title=Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine |page=95 |year=2007 |location=Tromsø |language=sl}}</ref> See [[Slovene phonology]] for more details.

==Transcription==
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier {{IPA|[ʷ]}} ([[Unicode]] U+02B7), as in {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}) There are also diacritics, respectively {{IPA|[ɔ̹], [ɔ̜]}}, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.<ref>As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}.</ref> These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]] [[Hupa language|Hupa]], [[voiceless velar fricative]]s distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either {{IPA|/x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/}} or {{IPA|/x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/}}.

The [[extensions to the IPA]] has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread {{IPA|[ɹ͍]}} and open-rounded {{IPA|[ʒꟹ]}} (as in English). It also has a symbol for [[labiodental approximant|labiodentalized]] sounds, {{IPA|[tᶹ]}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=190|isbn=978-0-52163751-0}}</ref>

If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: {{IPA|[tᵛ]}}, {{IPA|[tᵝ]}}, {{IPA|[t<sup>ʙ</sup>]}}, {{IPA|[tᵖ]}}.

For simple labialization, {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} resurrected an old IPA symbol, {{IPA|[&nbsp;̫]}},<ref>This is not a subscript ''w'' but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter ''w''" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, ''Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925.'' Oxford University Press).</ref> which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as {{IPA|ɡ}}. However, their chief example is Shona ''sv'' and ''zv,'' which they transcribe {{IPA|/s̫/}} and {{IPA|/z̫/}} but which actually seem to be [[whistled sibilant]]s, without necessarily being labialized.<ref>See [http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193747/http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf|date=May 16, 2008}}</ref> Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English ''soon'' {{IPA|[s̹]}} and {{IPA|[sʷ]}} ''swoon''.<ref>John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences'', 2nd ed.</ref> The open rounding of English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is also unvelarized.

==Assimilation==
Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, {{IPA|/k/}} may become {{IPA|/kʷ/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/o/}}, or {{IPA|/a/}} may become {{IPA|/o/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/p/}} or {{IPA|/kʷ/}}.

In the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] as well as some [[Australian languages]] rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and [[Eastern Arrernte]], for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.

==List of labialized consonants==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan ="2" | type
! width="28%" | [[Phone (phonetics)|Phone]]
!IPA
! Languages
|-
| rowspan = "13" | Stops
| rowspan = "11" | plain
| protruded [[voiceless bilabial stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg|[pʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Chaha, Paha
|-
| protruded [[voiced bilabial stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced bilabial plosive.ogg|[bʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Chaha, Paha, [[Mayo language|Mayo]], [[Yaqui language|Yaqui]] 
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg|[tʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Archi language|Archi]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Paha language|Paha]], [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced alveolar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced alveolar plosive.ogg|[dʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar plosive.ogg|[kʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Halkomelem]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, [[Akan language|Akan]], Nez Perce, Archi, [[Cantonese]], Wariʼ, [[Chaha language|Chaha]], [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Igala language|Igala]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], Lao, [[Latin phonology|Latin]], [[Nahuatl]], [[Nawat language|Nawat]], [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], [[Ossetian language|Ossetic]], Paha, [[Portuguese phonology|Portuguese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Hiw language|Hiw]], Ubykh, [[Slavey language|Bearlake Slavey]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced velar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced velar plosive.ogg|[ɡʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless uvular stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless uvular plosive.ogg|[qʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> pharyngealized [[voiceless uvular stop]]
| <big>{{IPA|[qˤʷ]}}</big>
| [[Archi language|Archi]], [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced uvular stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced uvular plosive.ogg|[ɢʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Oowekyala language|Oowekyala]], [[Kwak'wala]], Tsakhur
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[glottal stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized glottal stop.ogg|[ʔʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [[voiced bilabial plosive]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ᵐbʷ]}}</big>
| [[Tamambo language|Tamambo]]
|- 
| rowspan = "2" | Labial–velar
| protruded [[Voiceless labial–velar stop#Rounded variant|voiceless labio–velar stop]]
| <big>{{IPA|[k͡pʷ]}}</big>
| [[Dorig language|Dorig]], [[Mwotlap language|Mwotlap]]
|-
| protruded [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [[voiced labial–velar stop]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ᵑɡ͡bʷ]}}</big>
| [[Volow language|Volow]]
|-
| rowspan = "9" | Affricates
| rowspan = "6" | sibilant
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolar affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolar affricate.ogg|[t͡sʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced alveolar affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced alveolar affricate.ogg|[d͡zʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], Dahalo
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg|[t͡ʃʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced palato-alveolar affricate.ogg|[d͡ʒʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[t͡ɕʷ]}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[d͡ʑʷ]}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
|-
| rowspan = "2" | non-sibilant
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar affricate.ogg|[k͡xʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Navajo language|Navajo]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless uvular affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless uvular affricate.ogg|[q͡χʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], Lillooet
|-
| [[Lateral affricate|lateral]]
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar lateral affricate]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar lateral affricate.ogg|[k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi
|-
| rowspan = "26" | Fricatives
| rowspan = "8" | [[Sibilant fricative|sibilant]]
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|voiceless alveolar sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolar sibilant1.ogg|[sʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Lao, Lezgian
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[Voiced alveolar fricative#voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced alveolar sibilant.ogg|[zʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg|[ʃʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg|[ʒʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless retroflex sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless retroflex sibilant.ogg|[ʂʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced retroflex sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced retroflex sibilant.ogg|[ʐʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant.ogg|[ɕʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.ogg|[ʑʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Ubykh
|-
| rowspan = "15" | non-sibilant
| protruded [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ɸʷ]}}</big>
| Okinawan
| 
|-
| protruded [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[βʷ]}}</big>
| [[Tamambo language|Tamambo]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless labiodental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless dental fricative.ogg|[fʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Hadza, Chaha
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced labiodental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced dental fricative.ogg|[vʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| 
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless dental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg|[θʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Paha
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced dental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|[ðʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Paha
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless palatal fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless palatal fricative.ogg|[çʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Akan
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar fricative.ogg|[xʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Adyghe, [[Avestan language|Avestan]], Chaha, [[Halkomelem]], Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced velar fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced velar fricative.ogg|[ɣʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly [[Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless uvular fricative.ogg|[χʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, [[Halkomelem]], Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> pharyngealized [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[χˤʷ]}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced uvular fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced uvular fricative.ogg|[ʁʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> pharyngealized [[voiced uvular fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ʁˤʷ]}}</big>
| Archi, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless pharyngeal fricative.ogg|[ħʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Abkhaz
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced pharyngeal fricative.ogg|[ʕʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Lillooet

|-
| Pseudo-fricatives
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless glottal fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless glottal fricative.ogg|[hʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur
|-
| rowspan = "2" |  Lateral fricatives 
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless alveolar lateral fricative.ogg|[ɬʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Dahalo
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar lateral fricative.ogg|[ʟ̝̊ʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Archi

|-
| rowspan = "4" colspan=2 | Nasals
| protruded [[bilabial nasal]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized bilabial nasal.ogg|[mʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Chaha language|Chaha]], [[Paha language|Paha]], [[Tamambo language|Tamambo]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[palatal nasal]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ɲʷ]}}</big>
| Akan
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[velar nasal]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ŋʷ]}}</big>
| Akan, Avestan, Lao, [[Hiw language|Hiw]], Igala
|-
| protruded [[labial-velar nasal]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ŋ͡mʷ]}}</big>
| [[Dorig language|Dorig]], [[Mwotlap language|Mwotlap]]

|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="8" | Approximants
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[alveolar lateral approximant]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg|[lʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Lao
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[labiodental approximant]]{{explain|date=December 2023}}
| <big>{{IPA|[ʋʷ]}}</big>
| Russian<ref name="yb">{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}</ref>
|-
| [[labialized palatal approximant]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ɥ]}} {{audio-IPA||[jʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Akan, [[French language|French]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], Paha
|-
| [[Labio-velar approximant]] (voiced)
| <big>{{IPA|[ɰᵝ]}}</big>
| in Japanese
|-
|Protruded [[labio-velar approximant]] (voiced)
|<big>{{IPA|[ɰʷ]}}</big>
|widespread; in every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g. [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|-
| [[Voiceless labio-velar approximant]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ʍ]}}</big>
| certain dialects of English, [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|-
| [[nasal labialized velar approximant]]
| <big>{{IPA|[w̃]}}</big>
| Polish, Portuguese
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[postalveolar approximant]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ɹ̠ʷ]}}</big>
| [[English phonology|many dialects of English]]
|-
| rowspan="14" colspan=2 | Ejectives
| protruded [[bilabial ejective]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|labialized bilabial ejective.ogg|[pʷʼ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[alveolar ejective]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|labialized alveolar ejective.ogg|[tʷʼ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], Adyghe, [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[velar ejective]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|labialized velar ejective.ogg|[kʷʼ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], Abkhaz, [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], Archi, [[Slavey language|Bearlake Slavey]], Chipewyan, [[Halkomelem]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], Ossetic, [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[palato-alveolar ejective fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|labialized palato-alveolar ejective fricative.ogg|[ʃʷʼ]|help=no}}</big>
| Adyghe
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[uvular ejective]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|labialized uvular ejective.ogg|[qʷʼ]|help=no}}</big>
| Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, [[Halkomelem]], [[Hakuchi Adyghe dialect|Hakuchi]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> pharyngealized [[uvular ejective]]
| <big>{{IPA|[qˤʷʼ]}}</big>
| [[Archi language|Archi]], [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[alveolar ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[t͡sʷʼ]}}</big>
| Archi, Khwarshi
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[alveolar lateral ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[t͡ɬʷʼ]}}</big>
| Khwarshi
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[palato-alveolar ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[t͡ʃʷʼ]}}</big>
| Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[alveolo-palatal ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[t͡ɕʷʼ]}}</big>
| Abkhaz, Ubykh
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[retroflex ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʷʼ]}}</big>
| allophonic in Adyghe
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[velar lateral ejective affricate]]
| <big>{{IPA|[k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ]}}</big>
| Archi
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[velar ejective fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[xʷʼ]}}</big>
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[uvular ejective fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[χʷʼ]}}</big>
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Labio-palatalization]] (◌ᶣ)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Terry |year=1997 |title=An Introduction to Historical Linguistics |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{cite book
|last=Ruhlen
|first=Merritt
|author-link=Merritt Ruhlen
|year=1976
|title=A Guide to the Languages of the World
|publisher=Stanford University Press
}}

* {{cite journal
|last1=Yanushevskaya
|first1=Irena
|last2=Bunčić
|first2=Daniel
|year=2015
|title=Russian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=2
|pages=221–228
|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395
|doi-access=free
}}

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[[Category:Assimilation (linguistics)]]
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