Latin regional pronunciation
Latin pronunciation, both in the classical and post-classical age, has varied across different regions and different eras. As the respective languages have undergone sound changes, the changes have often applied to the pronunciation of Latin as well.
Latin still in use today is more often pronounced according to context, rather than geography. For a century, Italianate (perhaps more properly, modern Roman) Latin has been the official pronunciation of the Catholic Church due to the centrality of Italy and Italian, and this is the default of many singers and choirs. In the interest of Historically informed performance some singers of Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque music adopt the pronunciation of the composer's period and region. While in Western university classics departments the reconstructed classical pronunciation has been general since around 1945,[citation needed] in the Anglo-American legal professions the older style of academic Latin survives to this day.
The following table shows the main differences between different regions with the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is far from a complete listing and lacks the local variations exhibited through centuries, but should give an outline of main characteristics of different regions.
| Sign | Example | Classical | Italian | Romanian[1] | Spanish | Portuguese | French | Catalan | Slavic | German/Uralic | Danish | English | Icelandic | Dutch | Afrikaans | Klingon | Norwegian | Swedish | Finland Swedish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | canis | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a(ː)/ | /æ(ː)/ (/a(ː)/) | /ɑ(ː)/ or /eɪ/ | /a(ː)/ | /ɑ/ | /a/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑ(ː)/ | /a/ or /ɑː/ | /ɑ(ː)/ |
| ā | cāsus | /aː/ | /aː/ | /ɑː/ | |||||||||||||||
| ae (æ) | saepe, bonae | /aɪ, ae/, later /ɛː/ | /ɛ/ | /e/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /eː/ or /ɛː/ | /ɛː/ | /eɪ/ or /iː/ | /ai(ː)/ | /ɑi/ | /ai/ | /ɑj/ | /æ(ː)/ | /æ(ː)/ or /ɛ(ː)/ | /æ(ː)/ or /e(ː)/ |
| ce,i,ae,oe | benedīcimus | /k/ | /tʃ/[2] | /tʃ/ | /θ/ or /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /ts/ | /ts/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /tʃ/ | /s/ | /s/ | |
| ch | pulcher | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /x/ | /x/ or /ç/ | /k(ʰ)/ | /k/ | /kʰ/ | /x/ | /χ/ | /x/ | /k/ | /k/ | |
| e | venī ("come", imperative singular) | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /e/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ or /eː/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/, /eɪ/ or /iː/ | /ɛ(ː)/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ or /æ/ | /ɛ/ | /e(ː)/ | /ɛ/ or /eː/ | /e(ː)/ |
| ē | vēnī ("I came", "I have come") | /eː/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /eː/ | /eː/ | /iː/ | /je(ː)/ | /eː/ | /ɛː/ or /æː/ | ||||
| ge,i,ae,oe | agimus | /ɡ/ | /dʒ/ | /dʒ/ | /x/ | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | /dʒ/ | /c/ | /ɣ/ | /χ/ | /dʒ/ | /j/ | /j/ | |
| gn | magnum | /ŋn/ | /ɲɲ/ | /ɡn/ | /ɣn/ | /ɲ/ or /ɡn/ | /ɡn/ | /ɲ/ | /ɡn/ | /ɡn/ or /ŋn/ | /ŋn/ | /ɡn/ | /kn/ | /ɣn/ | /χn/ | /ŋn/ | /ŋn/ | /ŋn/ | |
| h | hominibus | /h, -/ | /-/ | /h/ | /-/ | /-/ | /-/ | /-/ | /x/ (Polish, the usual current value) or /ɦ/ or /ɣ/ | /h/ | /h/ | /h/ or /-/ | /h/ | /ɦ/ | /ɦ/ | /x/ | /h/ | /h/ | |
| i | fides | /ɪ/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ (Russian also /ɨ/ after "c") | /ɪ/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ or /aɪ/ | /ɪ(ː)/ | /ɪ/ | /ɪ/ | /ɪ/ | /i(ː)/ | /ɪ/ or /iː/ | /i(ː)/ |
| ī | fīlius | /iː/ | /iː/ | /i(ː)/ | /i/ | /i/ | |||||||||||||
| j | Jesus | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /x/ | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /dʒ/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | |
| o | solum | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | /o/ | /ɔ/ | /o(ː)/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ or /o/ or /ʷo/ (Russian) | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | /ɒ/ or /əʊ/ | /ɔ(ː)/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | /u(ː)/ | /ʊ/, /o/ or /uː/ | /o/ or /u(ː)/ |
| ō | sōlus | /oː/ | /o/ | /o/ | /o/ | /oː/ | /oː/ | /ou(ː)/ | /oː/ | /ɔː/ | |||||||||
| oe (œ) | poena | /ɔɪ, oe/, later /eː/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ or /ʲo/ (Russian) | /øː/ | /øː/ | /iː/ | /œ(ː)/ | /eː/ | /eː/ | /ɛ/ | /øː/ | /œ(ː)/ or /øː/ | /œ/ or /ø(ː)/ |
| qu | quis | /kʷ/ | /kw/ | /kŭ/ or /kv/ | /kw/ or /k/ | /kw/ | /kw/a /kɥ/æ,e,i /k/o,u | /k/ | /kv/ | /kv/ | /kʰv/ | /kw/ | /kʰv/ or /xv/ | /kʋ/ | /kw/ | /qʰw/ | /kʋ/ | /kʋ/ | |
| sce,i,ae,oe | ascendit | /sk/ | /ʃʃ/ | /stʃ/ | /sθ/ or /s/ | /s/ or /ʃ/ | /s/ | /(j)ʃ/ | /sts/ | /sts/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /s/ | /s/ | |
| tiV | nātiō | /tɪ/ | /tsj/ | /tĭ/ | /θj/ or /sj/ | /sj/ | /sj/ | /sj/ | /tsi/ or /tsɨ/ or /ti/ (Polish academic for both traditional and reconstructed pronunciations) | /tsɪ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʃɪ/ | /sj/ | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʂ/ | /ʂ/ | /ɧ/ | /ɕ/ |
| u | ut, sumus | /ʊ/ | /u/ | /u/ | /u/ | /u/ | /y(ː)/ | /u/ | /u/ | /ʊ/ | /u(ː)/ (/ɔ/) | /ʌ/ or /juː/ | /ʏ(ː)/ | /ʏ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /ʉ(ː)/ | /ɵ/ or /ʉ(ː)/ | /ʉ(ː)/ |
| ū | lūna | /uː/ | /uː/ | /u(ː)/ | /y/ | /œː/ | |||||||||||||
| um | curriculum | /ʊ̃/ | /um/ | /um/ | /um/ | /ũ/ | /ɔm/ | /um/ | /um/ or /ʊm/ | /ʊm/ | /ɔm/ | /əm/ | /ʏ(ː)m/ | /ʏm/ | /œm/ | /um/ | /ʉm/ | /ɵm/ or /ʉm/ | /ʉm/ |
| v | veritās | /w/, later /v/ | /v/ | /v/ | /b/ or /β/ | /v/ | /v/ | /b/ | /v/ | /v/ | /ʋ/ | /v/ | /v/ | /v/ | /v/ | /v/ | /ʋ/ | /ʋ/ | |
| xce,i,ae,oe | excelsis | /ksk/ | /kstʃ/[citation needed][3] | /kstʃ/ | /sθ/ or /s/ | /s/ or /ʃ/ | /ɡz/ or /ks/ | /ks/ | /ksts/ | /ksts/ | /ks/ | /ks/ | /kʰs/ or /xs/ | /ks/ | /ks/ | /qʰʂ/ | /ks/ | /ks/ | |
| Sign | Example | Classical | Italian | Romanian[4] | Spanish | Portuguese | French | Catalan | Slavic | German/Uralic | Danish | English | Icelandic | Dutch | Afrikaans | Klingon | Norwegian | Swedish | Finland Swedish |
In ecclesiastical use, these regional varieties were, and to a great extent still are, in use, although the Italian model is increasingly advocated and usually followed even for speakers of English, sometimes with slight variations. The official[citation needed] version is that given in the Liber Usualis. This book prescribes a silent "h", except in the two words "mihi" and "nihil", which are pronounced /miki/ and /nikil/ (this is not universally followed). Some English singers choose to pronounce "h" as /h/ for extra clarity.
See also
Specific languages
- Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
- Traditional German pronunciation of Latin Template:De icon
- Traditional French pronunciation of Latin Template:De icon
References and further reading
- Benedictines Of Solesmes, ed. Liber Usualis with introduction and rubrics in English. Great Falls, Montana: St. Bonaventure Publ., 1997.
- McGee, Timothy J. with A G. Rigg and David N. Klausner, eds. Singing Early Music. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1996.
- ^ Romanian Academy (2005). Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române (Otrhographic, orthoepic, and morphologic dictionary of the Romanian language) (2 ed.). Univers Enciclopedic. ISBN 978-973-637-087-8.
- ^ In 17c Venice soft c was /ts/: cf. Monteverdi's motet Venite sicientes (for the usual spelling sitientes)
- ^ often assimilated to /kʃ/. The unaspirated k is commonly explained to anglophones as "egg shells"
- ^ Romanian Academy (2005). Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române (Otrhographic, orthoepic, and morphologic dictionary of the Romanian language) (2 ed.). Univers Enciclopedic. ISBN 978-973-637-087-8.