Linda Hazzard
Linda Hazzard | |
|---|---|
 Linda Hazzard | |
| Born | Lynda Laura Burfield December 18, 1867 |
| Died | June 24, 1938 (aged 70) |
| Cause of death | Starvation due to fasting |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Linda Burfield Hazzard "Starvation Doctor" |
| Occupation(s) | Confidence trickster, alternative medicine practitioner |
| Known for | Health fraud through promotion of fasting treatments |
| Criminal status | Imprisonment (1913–1915) Parole (1915) Pardon (1916) |
| Spouse | Samuel Chrisman Hazzard |
| Parent(s) | Montgomery and Susanna Neil (Wakefield) Burfield |
| Motive | Financial gain |
| Criminal charge | Manslaughter, forgery |
| Penalty | 2 to 20 years in prison |
| Imprisoned at | Washington State Penitentiary, Walla Walla, Washington |
Linda Laura Hazzard (née Burfield; December 18, 1867 – June 24, 1938), nicknamed the "Starvation Doctor"[1] was an American quack, swindler and convicted serial killer noted for her promotion of fasting, pummeling and hours-long enemas as treatments. In 1911, Hazzard was found guilty of manslaughter in the state of Washington and was sentenced to 2 to 20 years of hard labor for killing at least 15 people for financial gain at a sanitarium she operated near Seattle in the early 20th century. She was released on parole after only serving two years and later, on the condition that she move to New Zealand, received a full pardon from Governor Ernest Lister in 1916. Hazzard died at 70 after subjecting herself to her treatment methods.
Career
Linda Laura Hazzard was born Lynda Laura Burfield in Carver, Minnesota, oldest of 7 children of Susanna Neil (née Wakefield) and Montgomery Burfield. Hazzard had no medical degree, but was licensed to practice medicine in the state of Washington through a loophole that grandfathered in some practitioners of alternative medicine without degrees. According to her book The Science of Fasting, she studied under Edward Hooker Dewey, MD, a well-known proponent of fasting.
Hazzard developed a fasting method that she claimed was a panacea for all manner of illnesses, ridding the body of toxins that caused imbalances in the body.[2] Over the course of her career, she wrote three books about what she claimed to be the science behind fasting and how it could cure diseases. The first was Fasting for the Cure of Disease (1908),[3] followed by Diet in Disease and Systemic Cleansing (1917). A fifth revised and amplified edition of Fasting for the Cure of Disease was published in 1927 under the title Scientific Fasting: The Ancient and Modern Key to Health.[4]
Hazzard established a "sanitarium" called Wilderness Heights, located in Olalla, Washington, where inpatients fasted for days, weeks, or months on a diet consisting of small amounts of tomato, asparagus juice, and occasionally orange juice. While some patients survived and publicly endorsed Hazzard's methods, dozens died under her care. Hazzard claimed that the deceased had succumbed to undisclosed or hitherto undiagnosed illnesses such as cancer or cirrhosis. Her opponents claimed that they all died of starvation;[5] local residents in Olalla referred to the sanitarium as "Starvation Heights".
In 1912, Hazzard was convicted of manslaughter for the death of Claire Williamson, a wealthy British woman, who weighed less than fifty pounds at the time of her death.[6] At the trial, it was proven that Hazzard had forged Williamson's will and stolen most of her valuables. Williamson's sister, Dorothea, also took the treatment, and, it is alleged, only survived because a family friend showed up in time to remove her from Wilderness Heights. It is suggested that one of the sisters managed to smuggle a telegram to alert their governess, who lived in Australia; however, by the time of arrival, Claire had already died. Dorothea was too weak to leave on her own, weighing less than sixty pounds. She later testified against Hazzard at trial.
Hazzard was sentenced to 2 to 20 years in prison, which she served in the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla.[7] She was released on parole on December 26, 1915, after serving two years,[8] and the following year Governor Ernest Lister gave her a full pardon.[9] Hazzard and her husband, Samuel Chrisman Hazzard (1869–1946), moved to New Zealand, where she practiced as a dietitian and osteopath until 1920.[7]
In 1917, a Whanganui newspaper reported that Hazzard held a practicing certificate from the Washington state medical board.[10] Because she used the title "Doctor", she was charged in Auckland under the Medical Practitioners Act for practicing medicine while not registered to do so, found guilty and fined £5 plus costs[11] (approximately NZ$600[12] plus costs or US$462.13[13] plus costs in 2014). Three years later she returned to Olalla, opened a new sanitarium (known publicly as a "school of health" since her medical license had been revoked),[7] and continued to supervise fasts until the sanitarium burned to the ground in 1935; it was never rebuilt.[14]
Hazzard died of starvation in 1938 while attempting a fasting cure.[7]
Earl Edward Erdman Diary
On March 28, 1910, Earl Edward Erdman, a civil engineer with the City of Seattle, died of starvation in the Seattle General Hospital. Erdman had kept a diary which detailed Hazzard's treatment during the preceding weeks that provides an insight into how she treated her patients.[15] The following are excerpts from his diary:
February 1 – Saw Dr. Hazzard and began treatment this date. No breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.
February 5 through 7 – One orange breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.
February 8 – One orange breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.
February 9 through 11 – One orange breakfast. Strained soup dinner. Strained soup supper.
February 12 – One orange breakfast. One orange dinner. One orange supper.
February 13 – Two orange breakfast. No dinner. No supper.
February 14 – One cup of strained tomato broth at 6 p.m.
February 15 – One cup hot strained tomato soup night and morning.
February 16 – One cup hot strained tomato soup a.m. and p.m. Slept better last night. Head quite dizzy. Eyes yellow streaked and red.
February 17 – Ate three oranges today.
February 19 – Called on Dr. (Dawson) today at his home. Slept well Saturday night.
February 20 – Ate strained juice of two small oranges at 10 a.m. Dizzy all day. Ate strained juice of two small oranges at 5 p.m.
February 21 – Ate one cup settled and strained tomato broth. Backache today just below ribs.
February 22 – Ate juice of two small oranges at 10 a.m. Backache today in right side just below ribs.
February 23 – Slept but little last night. Ate two small oranges at 9 a.m. Went after milk and felt very bad. Ate two small oranges 6 p.m.
February 24 – Slept better Wednesday night. Kind of frontal headache in a.m. Ate two small oranges 10 a.m. Ate one and a half cups hot tomato soup at 6 p.m. Heart hit up to ninety-five minute and sweat considerable.
February 25 – Slept pretty well Thursday night. Ate one and a half cups tomato broth 11 a.m. Ate one and a half cups tomato broth 6 p.m. Pain in right below ribs.
February 26 – Did not sleep so very well Friday night. Pain in right side just below ribs in back. Pain quit in night. Ate 1 and a half cups tomato broth at 10:45 a.m. Ate two and a half pump small oranges at 4:30 p.m. Felt better afternoon than for the last week. ...
This diet continued more or less unchanged until his hospitalization on March 28. He died that afternoon, just before his coworker was to transfuse blood.
Deaths attributed to Hazzard
1908
- Lenora (Mrs. Elgin) Wilcox [16]
- Daisey Maud Haglund (Mother of Ivar's restaurant founder Ivar Haglund) – The official cause of her death was stomach cancer. Her inability to eat would have caused her to starve to death even without Hazzard's assistance.[17]
- Ida Wilcox[7]
1909
- Blanche B. Tindall[16]
- Viola Heaton[16]
- Eugene Stanley Wakelin – Died from a bullet in the head on Hazzard's property. Whether she was responsible for the shooting remains unknown, though it is speculated to be the case.[7]
1910
- Maude Whitney[7]
- Earl Edward Erdman[16]
- L. E. Rader[18]
1911
1912
- Mary Bailey [5]
- Ida Anderson [5]
- Robert Gramm [5]
- Fred Ebson – Supervised by another fast enthusiast[5]
See also
- John Bodkin Adams – British doctor who extracted money from his patients before murdering them.
- List of serial killers in the United States
References
- ^ Perper, Joshua A.; Cina, Stephen J. (2010). When Doctors Kill: Who, Why, and How. Copernicus Books. pp. 33-35. ISBN 978-1-4419-1368-5
- ^ Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2009). Serial Murder (Third ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
- ^ Hazzard, Linda Burfield (1908) [1908]. Fasting for the cure of disease. New York City: Physical Culture Publishing Company. ISBN 9781542371636. OCLC 1006893429 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Hazzard, Linda Burfield (2007) [1927]. Scientific fasting: The ancient and modern key to health. Kessinger Publications. ISBN 9780548076231. OCLC 320121905 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e Olsen 2005.
- ^ "Starved in Sanitarium". The Toronto World. 5 February 1912.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Hazzard, Linda Burfield (1867-1938): Fasting Proponent and Killer". Historylink.org. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Woman Fast Doctor Released on Parole". The Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. December 21, 1915. p. 10. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Dr. Linda Hazzard Is Given Pardon". Oregon Daily Journal. Portland, Oregon. June 4, 1916. p. 14. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Personal, Wanganui Chronicle, Volume LX, Issue 17037, July 16, 1917, Page 4
- ^ Unregistered physician, New Zealand Herald, Volume LV, Issue 16877, June 15, 1918, Page 8
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "Convert New Zealand Dollar to United States Dollar - NZD to USD Currency Converter". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
- ^ Lovejoy, Bess (October 28, 2014). "The Doctor Who Starved Her Patients to Death". Smithsonian Magazine.
- ^ "Erdman Diary Tells Methods of Treatment". The Seattle Daily Times. August 14, 1911.
- ^ a b c d "Dr. Hazzard Attacks Medical Profession in Latest Pamphlet". The Seattle Daily Times. September 30, 1911.
- ^ "Starvation Caused Woman's Death: Condition of Stomach Cancer Made it Impossible for Mrs, Fannie Haglund to Retain any Food Whatever for Many Weeks". The Seattle Daily Times. February 27, 1908.
- ^ "Unlicensed Practitioner Kills". The Wellington Daily News. Wellington, Kansas. August 8, 1911. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
Further reading
- Olsen, Gregg (2005) [1997]. Starvation Heights : The True Story of an American Doctor and the Murder of a British Heiress. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 9781400097463. OCLC 762071523 – via Google Books.
- Iserson, Kenneth V. (2002). Demon Doctors: Physicians as Serial Killers. Tucson, Atizona: Galen Press, Ltd. ISBN 9781883620295. OCLC 231963734.
External links
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- 1867 births
- 1938 deaths
- American emigrants to New Zealand
- American expatriates in New Zealand
- American female serial killers
- American people convicted of manslaughter
- American prisoners and detainees
- American serial killers
- Deaths by starvation
- Fasting advocates
- Medical controversies in the United States
- Medical serial killers
- Orthopaths
- People convicted for health fraud
- People from Carver County, Minnesota
- Prisoners and detainees of Washington (state)
- Pseudoscientific diet advocates
- Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
- Serial killers from Washington (state)