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List of Palmyrene monarchs

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House of Odaenathus

Portrait Name Ruler From Ruler Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title Notes
Odaenathus 260 267 King of Palmyra Also King of Kings of the East
Hairan I 263 267  • Son of Odaeanthus King of Palmyra Made co-King of Kings by his father.[1]
Maeonius 267 267  • Odaenathus' cousin.[2] Emperor No evidence exist for his reign.[3]
Vaballathus 267 272  • Son of Odaenathus King of Kings
Rex
Emperor 		Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[4] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[5]
Zenobia 267 272  • Mother of Vaballathus Queen
Empress 		Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[5]
Antiochus 273 273  • Possibly a son of Zenobia.[6] Emperor

Al-Fadl dynasty

Ruler Reigned Title Notes
Issa bin Muhanna 1281-1284 Prince Appointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.[7]
Muhanna bin Issa 1284-1293 Prince Imprisoned by the Mamluks.[8]
Muhanna bin Issa 1295-1312 Prince Second reign.[8]
Fadl bin Issa 1312-1317 Prince Brother of Muhanna.[8]
Muhanna bin Issa 1317-1320 Prince Expelled with his tribe.[8]
Muhanna bin Issa 1330-1335 Prince Fourth reign.[8]
Muzaffar al-Din Musa 1335-1341 Prince Son of Muhanna.[9]
Suleiman I 1341-1342 Prince Son of Muhanna.[10]
Sharaf al-Din Issa 1342-1343 Prince Son of Fadl bin Issa.[10]
Saif 1343-1345 Prince Son of Fadl bin Issa.[10]
Ahmad 1345-1347 Prince Son of Muhanna.[11]
Saif 1347-1348 Prince Second reign.[11]
Ahmad 1348 Prince Second reign.[11]
Fayad 1348 Prince Son of Muhanna.[12]
Hayar 1348-1350 Prince Son of Muhanna.[12]
Fayad 1350-1361 Prince Second reign.[12]
Hayar 1361-1364 Prince Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[10][12]
Zamil 1364-1366 Prince Son of Muhanna's brother Musa.[10]
Hayar 1366-1368 Prince Third reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[13]
Zamil 1368 Prince Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[13]
Mu'ayqil 1368-1373 Prince Son of Fadl bin Issa.[13]
Hayar 1373-1375 Prince Fourth reign.[13]
Malik 1375-1379 Prince Son of Muhanna.[13]
Zamil 1379-1380 Prince Third reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.[13]
Mu'ayqil 1379-1380 Prince Second reign; ruled with Zamil.[13]
Nu'air bin Hayar 1380- Prince Son of Hayar.[13]
Musa -1396 Prince Son of Hayar's brother Assaf.[13]
Suleiman II 1396-1398 Prince Son of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.[14]
Muhammad 1398-1399 Prince Brother of Suleiman II.[15]
Nu'air bin Hayar 1399-1406 Prince Second reign.[15]

References

  1. ^ Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353.
  2. ^ Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 292.
  3. ^ George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. p. 163.
  4. ^ Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179.
  5. ^ a b Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92.
  6. ^ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. p. 81.
  7. ^ محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). Vol. 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788.
  8. ^ a b c d e Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926). al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7 (in Arabic). p. 73.
  9. ^ Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī (in Arabic). p. 373.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30 (in Arabic). p. 105.
  11. ^ a b c Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28 (in Arabic). p. 345.
  12. ^ a b c d Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7 (in Arabic). p. 192.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11 (in Arabic). p. 11.
  14. ^ Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6 (in Arabic). p. 48.
  15. ^ a b Aḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī (1441). as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk (in Arabic). p. 801.
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