List of state leaders in 1646

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1646.

Africa

China
- Qing dynasty – Shunzhi Emperor (1644–1661)
- Southern Ming –
  - Prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian) (1645–1646)
  - Prince of Lu (1645–1653)
  - Prince of Tang (Zhu Yuyue) (1646)
  - Prince of Gui (1646–1662)
Kingdom of Coorg - Muddu Raja I (1633-1687)
Empire of Japan –
- Monarch – Go-Kōmyō (1643–1654)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemitsu (1623–1651)
- Daimyo
  - Hirosaki Domain - Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Daimyo of Hirosaki (1631–1655)
  - Miharu Domain - Akita Toshisue, Daimyo of Miharu (1645–1649)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Ken (1640–1647)
Joseon (Korea) – Injo (1623–1649)
Mughal Empire – Shah Jahan (1627–1658)

Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Christian IV (1588–1648)
Kingdom of England – Charles I (1625–1649)
Kingdom of France –
- Monarch – Louis XIV (1643–1715)
- Regent – Anne of Austria, regent (1643–1651)
- Principality of Catalonia – Louis II, Count of Barcelona (1643–1652)
Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Electorate of Bavaria – Maximilian I (1623–1651)
- Brandenburg-Prussia – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
- Duchy of Lorraine – Nicholas Francis (1634–1661)
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
Papal States – Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Ladislaus IV (1632–1648)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – John IV (1640–1656)
Tsardom of Russia – Alexis I (1645–1676)
Kingdom of Spain – Philip IV (1621–1665)
Kingdom of Sweden – Christina (1632–1654)
United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Gelre (1625–1647).
  - Holland – Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)