Longyi
A longyi (Burmese: လုံချည်; MLCTS: lum hkyany; pronounced [lòʊɴdʑì]) is a sheet of cloth widely worn in Burma. It is approximately 2 m (6½ ft.) long and 80 cm (2½ ft.) wide. The cloth is often sewn into a cylindrical shape. It is worn around the waist, running to the feet. It is held in place by folding fabric over, without a knot. It is also sometimes folded up to the knee for comfort. Similar garments are found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Malay Archipelago. In the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, West Bengal, South India, and Sri Lanka), it is known variously as a lungi, longi, kaili or saaram.
Men who cannot read are like the blind; women who cannot weave are like the cripple
— x, x, an old Burmese saying at a time when every household had a handloom and the womenfolk wove all the longyis for the family[1]
History
The modern longyi, a single piece of cylindrical cloth, is a relatively recent introduction to Burma, having gained popularity during British colonial rule, effectively replacing the paso and htamein of precolonial times.[2] The word longyi formerly referred to the sarong worn by Malay men.[3] In precolonial times, men's pasos used to be a long piece of 30 feet (9.1 m) called taungshay paso (တောင်ရှည်ပုဆိုး) and unsewn. Alternately the htamein was a 4.5 feet (1.4 m) long piece of cloth open at the front to reveal the calves, with a dark strip of cotton or velvet sewn on the upper edge, a patterned sheet of cloth in the middle and a strip of red or white cloth sewn below, trailing on the bottom like a short train.[4][5]
However, with the onset of colonial rule, Lower Burma and urban areas more readily adopted the longyi worn in the Malay and Indian style, which was considered more convenient to wear.[4][5]
Design and style
In Burma, longyis worn by males are called paso (ပုဆိုး), while those worn by females are called htamain (ထဘီ, or htamein). Strictly speaking, they are not unisex attire, as the way they are worn as well as the patterns and makeup are different between the two sexes. Men wear the modern paso by making a fold on either side in front and tucking them together at the waist just below the navel. Women, on the other hand, always have a 3 cubit 1 finger span length but again unsewn in the old days like men's. They are worn wrapped around with a single broad fold in front and the end tucked in on one side or the other at the waist. Hemlines do rise and fall as the fashion of the day dictates although they are unlikely to go up above the knee. Longyis are generally sold unsewn but nowadays they are also available ready to wear; htamains may even be sewn like Western skirts. Untying and re-tying a longyi is often seen in public with both sexes, women much more discreetly than men.
Patterns and fabrics
Men's pasos are generally stripes or checks apart from plain colours and may be worn upside down or inside out with no difference. Women's htamain however has a black calico band called a htet sint (အထက်ဆင့်, lit. topband) for the waist; they wear more multicoloured and floral patterns too. Cotton is the basic material but all sorts of fabrics, both imported and home-grown, may be made into longyis.[8] Tootal, georgette, satin and crepe have all been made into htamains. Indonesian batik, although very expensive, has been very popular for decades; outfits of batik (ပါတိတ်) of the same design top and bottom were very popular in the 1980s.
For ceremonial and special occasions both sexes will wear their best silks; the most elaborate ones are known as a cheik (အချိတ်, lit. hook), a beautiful and intricate wave or houndstooth pattern in several colour combinations from the weavers of Amarapura, and worn especially at weddings, almost invariably by the bride and groom in matching colours.[9] Even the poor may keep aside some traditional silks for special occasions. In ancient times silks were generally worn by royalty and courtiers, the royal pasos and htamains richly embroidered with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones. Modern reproductions of these may be seen on the stage at zat pwès (theatrical performances).
Ethnic and regional weaves and patterns are plenty and popular. There are Rakhine longyi, Mon longyi, Kachin longyi, Inle longyi, Zin Mè (Chiang Mai) longyi, Yaw longyi, Seik Hkun longyi, Dawei longyi and more.[10][11][12] Silk pasos, but not a cheik, that men wear for special occasions are called bangauk (Bangkok) paso. Kala (Indian) paso are often longer and are worn by taller persons; Kaka zin refers to a broad check pattern of black, brown and white worn by Indian teashop owners. Mercerised longyis from India are still popular as the fabric is more durable.
Versatility and convenience
The longyi certainly suits the climate in these parts as it allows some air to circulate and keeps cool in the hot sun. Silks are unique in keeping warm in the winter as well as cool in the summer. The longyi is also versatile in wear. Men often tuck the lower portions of their pasos at the top by bunching it in the front then passing it up between the legs round the back to the waist, known as paso hkadaung kyaik and rather like the dhoti, usually for climbing and sporting activities instead of changing into shorts or trousers.[13] Soldiers in ancient times wore their pasos in this manner either on their own or on top of a pair of trousers.
In rural areas men are often seen with a folded paso on one shoulder either for use when bathing (yei lè - lit. water change - longyi) or for use as a cushion for a carrying pole on the shoulder or a heavy load on the back. Women, when they bathe, simply wear their htamain higher by tucking it just under the arms to cover their breasts before removing the blouse; they may be seen using the htamain as a buoy in the river by trapping some air in and secured underneath by the hands. They use a man's paso or another piece of long fabric, rolled and coiled as a cushion on top of their heads in order to carry water pots, firewood, baskets and trays; it is the street hawker's customary way of carrying her wares.
Changing is done simply by stepping into the new longyi and pulling it up, at the same time loosening and dropping the old one, or the new one can be pulled over from the head down. However, even when in private, women change without ever actually removing all their clothes. Instead, they will wear one htaimin while changing into a new one. A woman may be seen pulling her htamain up bit by bit as she wades deeper and deeper into a river without getting it wet. It is merely a matter of lifting it up in the bathroom or in bed for that matter. Washing and ironing cannot be simpler as they are cylindrical pieces of cloth, easily hung, pressed, folded and stacked with a bare minimum use of wardrobe space.
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Longyis for sale, Mahamuni, Mandalay
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A statue wearing a paso hkadaung kyaik -
Kachin longyi with tartan design
See also
References
- ^ "Traditional Folk Weaving Art of Myanmar inc. video".
- ^ Thant Myint-U (2008). The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma. Macmillan. p. 182. ISBN 9780374531164.
- ^ Judson, Adinoram (1893). Judson's Burmese-English dictionary. Government of Burma.
- ^ a b Ferrars, Max (1900). Burma. S. Low, Marston and Company.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Imperial gazetteer of India. Vol. 10. Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908. p. 46.
- ^ Horn, Robert (2011-02-24). "Why Did Burma's Leader Appear on TV in Women's Clothes?". TIME. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ WAI MOE (2011-02-17). "Than Shwe Skirts the Issue". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Myanmar Longyi".
- ^ Bird, George W (1897). Wanderings in Burma. London: F J Bright & Son. p. 48.
- ^ "Inle longyi inc. video".
- ^ "Yaw longyi from Gangaw inc. video".
- ^ "Dawei longyi from Tanintharyi inc. video".
- ^ Marshall, Andrew (2002). The Trouser People. Washington DC: Counterpoint. jacket photo,30.
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14.Amitav Ghosh (2002) The Glass Palace pp 25, ISBN 0-375-75877-1