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Aper (praetorian prefect)

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Aper (full name Lucius Flavius Aper, date of birth unknown [1]) was a Roman soldier and public servant in the second half of the Third Century AD who rose to the highest office in the Imperial Service only to fall in the most spectacular fashion. His career coincided with and benefited from the momentous changes in the structure of the Roman army and the Roman state introduced by the Emperor Gallienus and his successors that brought members of the Roman equestrian order with military backgrounds (such as Aper) to the fore in the government of the Empire. Obviously a man of considerable ability, he nevertheless owed his final success to patronage and influence - in his case to the relationship he achieved with the current Imperial Family. Similarly his fall was a consequence of bad luck and bad judgement which brought him into fatal conflict with the future Emperor Diocletian.

Background

Nothing is known of Aper's origins or the date and circumstances of his birth.

Career

Early appointments

Aper is identified with the Aper described as vir Egregius praepositus legionum V Macedonicae atque XIII Geminae on an epigraph dated AD 267-8, found at Poetovio in the province of Pannonia Superior (now Ptuj in Slovenia), a fortress in the eastern Julian Alps where he was, presumably, in command of the garrison.[2][a][b]. This text indicates that Aper was a Vir Egregius (i.e. 'Outstanding Man', the lowest grade of the equestrian order) and a Praepositus (I.e. a 'man put in charge' of a detached force charged with a specific mission[3]). His command consisted of elements (vexillationes) of Legio V Macedonica and Legio XIII Gemina - there is no known instance of a praepositus commanding a full legion. V Macedonica and XIII Gemina were the two legions stationed at that time in the province of Dacia, it could be likely that he commanded a combined vexillatio of 2 or four cohorts of those legions serving outside that province.

The need for these ad hoc commands was a reflection of the prevailing uncertainty caused by barbarian incursions and domestic unrest - especially in the Pannonia provinces through which ran the great roads from the frontier to Italy - and the inability of the army to cope with the situation when deployed essentially for pre-emptive defence of the frontiers. This brought about a great expansion of the command-opportunities for equestrian officers, normally professional soldiers who had achieved equestrian status by rising through the ranks of the legionary centurionate.[4]

The same Aper[5] appears on an undated epigraph from Aquincum in Pannonia Inferior (Budapest, Hungary[6] on which he is shown as Vir Egregius agens vices praesidis. This indicates that he was still a third grade equestrian official, but was now acting governor of the province. At this time Pannonia Inferior was still a praetorian province (i.e. normally requiring a senatorial governor, a legatus pro praetore, which suggests that the terminology agens vice praesidis[7] i.e. 'acting in lieu of the (unappointed) governor') was a formula presumably devised to give appointments of equestrians to senatorial posts legal force while not challenging the superior status of senators.

Pannonia Inferior's status as a praetorian province was not to change for some years after Aper's appointment. Another epigraph[8] records that there was a governor of senatorial status, probably shortly before 283 [9] - i.e. after Aper's term in this post for by 283 Aper was Praetorian Prefect - see below. There is no way of knowing the specific circumstances that had led the Imperial Authorities to give Aper this posting, but the most likely reason was that the local situation required a man with military experience and that no suitable senatorial could be found. As in the case of Aper's earlier appointment in Poetovio, the prevailing disorder meant that this was a problem that increasingly confronted the Imperial government at this time and that, increasingly, the solution was to appoint an equestrian officer pro temp.. By 283 it had been possible to find a senator able/willing to do the job in Pannonia Inferior. However, the problem of finding suitable senators to govern provinces was still endemic and under Diocletian the process of equestrianising this function was carried to its logical conclusion and knights, usually professional soldiers, gradually replaced senators as governors of the provinces previously reserved by law for senators.[10]

Apogée and downfall

At the outset of the reign of the Emperor Numerian (284) a man named Aper (Arrius Aper) was already en poste as Praetorian Prefect.[11] The Vita Cari also says that he was the father of Numerian's wife. It is probable that this Aper was the same man as the one already noted as praepositus of a detached force and as equestrian vice praeses of Pannonia.[12] However, he is thought to have been prefect during the war with Persia initiated by Numerian's father, the Emperor Carus and he had probably been given that office at the outset of Carus's reign in 282.[13]

He is considered likely to have been the unnamed prefect who is said in the Vita Cari to have urged Carus to make war on Persia, hoping that Carus and Numerian would perish and he himself obtain the Purple.[14] It is thus insinuated, but not directly asserted that he was responsible for the death of both men during and after that campaign. The usual caveats are suggested regarding information based on the Augustan History. The truth is unknowable.

What is incontestable is that when Numerian (who was by that time the Emperor following the death of his father) died as the Imperial comitatus returned from its victorious campaign in Persia. Aper was accused of his murder by the army and put on trial. The suspicion of murder evidently arose because Aper had attempted to conceal the fact of Numerian's death while he prepared the ground for his own accession to the Purple. Diocles, commander of the Domestici (Protectores Augusti Nostri(?), then gave early proof of the capacity for ruthless and decisive action that was to distinguish him as the Emperor Diocletian by pronouncing Aper the murderer and executing him on the spot by plunging his sword into his breast, thus giving him no chance to justify himself or, perhaps, implicate Diocles.[15]

A charge supported by such decisive proof was admitted without contradiction and the legions with repeated acclamations acknowledged the justice and authority of the Emperor Diocletian.[16]

Aper's death is placed in the Autumn of 284.

Sources

Ancient

Modern

  • Dobson, B. "The significance of the Centurion and the Primipilaris in the Roman Army and Administration". ANWR II 1: 392–434.
  • Howe, Laurence Lee (1942). The Pretorian Prefect from Commodus to Diocletian (AD 180-305). Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
  • Malcus, Bengt (1969). "Notes sur la révolution du système administratif Romain au IIIe Siècle". Opuscula romana 7: 213–237.
  • Petersen, Hans (1955). Journal of Roman Studies.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  • Smith, R.E. (1979). "Dux, Praepositus". ZPE 36.

Notes

  1. ^ The identification of the subject of the epigraph with Aper was made by Malcus, Op. Cit., fn 2, p 221.
  2. ^ See Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus and Publius Aelius Aelianus who were both commanders of the garrison of Poetovio. This suggests that the position was usually conferred on officers singled out for accelerated promotion.

Works cited

  1. ^ Howe Op. Cit, p. 81 Append. I, item 57.
  2. ^ Arch. Ertesito (AE), 1936, Nos. 53, 54, 57 Poetovio.,
  3. ^ Praepositus in essence described a military command-function rather than a specific rank such as centurio, praefectus, tribunus etc. For a discussion of how the term was understood in the 260s AD see R.E. Smith, Op.Cit., passim.
  4. ^ For a discussion of the significance of the equestrian officials with military backgrounds under the Emperor Gallienus and his successors see B. Dobson , Op. Cit and also B. Malcus, passim.
  5. ^ See fn 2 above.
  6. ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinorum (CIL) III, 3424, 10424 Aquincum.
  7. ^ Praesidis seems by this time to have been used as a generic term for all provincial governors whether equestrian or senatorial - see Petersen, Op. Cit., passim.
  8. ^ CIL III, 3418, Aquincum
  9. ^ See Petersen, Op. Cit, p 51, fn
  10. ^ See Malcus and Petersen, Op.Cit. passim.
  11. ^ Vita Cari, 13.2; 15.4; Vict., Caes, 38.6; Zonar., XII. 31, p 613; cf. 30, p. 611; Syncell., Chron., p. 724; Chron. Pasch, p 510)
  12. ^ Howe. Op. Cit
  13. ^ Howe, Op. Cit.
  14. ^ Vita Cari, 8.2; Howe, Op. Cit.
  15. ^ Vita Car., 12-13; Vict., Caes 38.4 f; Eutrop IX. 18; 20; Zonar XII. 30 f, p 611; Syncell, Chron, p 724 f; Oros VII, 24.4.
  16. ^ Gibbon: History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, CXII
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