Lucus Pisaurensis
Sacred grove of ancient Pisaureum, Lucus Pisaurensis is a sacerdotal lucus lying just outside the coastal comune of Pesaro, Italy between the Colle della Salute (Hill of Salus) and the Collina (Hillside of the Springs of Beatitude) in Santa Veneranda.[1] Santa Veneranda is a hamlet in the Pesaro e Urbino Province of Marche, Italy, a pre-Imperium Romanum region of the Latin Sabini, Umbrian and Estrucan tribes.
History of Discovery
Pisaurensia Marmora, ("Marble of Pesaro-Umbria"), a manuscript written by 18th Century Italian aristocrat Annibale degli Abbati Olivieri Giordani, was published in 1738.[2] In the preface, Olivieri reports having discovered, in the prior year, a sacred grove on his estate in a farm field by the little Chiostro di Santo Gaetano dei Conti.[3] He calls the site Lucus Pisaurensis (Sacred Grove of Pesaro) and provides a brief description of his findings. Olivieri further states that he plans to publish a future manuscript entitled De Luco Sacred Veterum Pisaurensium ("The Sacred Grove of Ancient Pisaurensis"), once excavations are completed. This work however, was never published and interest in the lucus disappeared after Oliviera's passing.
21st Century
During excavations in the 21st century, the grove was rediscovered[4] and archaeological interest in the site renewed.[5]
The Findings
Oliveri unearthed in his field, near the ancient fontanine by the Chiostro di Santo Gaetano dei Conti,[6] 13 votive stones[7] or cippi,[8] carved of sandstone with Sabine inscriptions in Umbrian-Estrucan; a number of terracotta and sandstone artifacts; clay & copper coin;[9] and a small semo replica in bronze inscribed Libra.[10] The votives were inscribed with names of various Sabini-Estrucan semones: Salute, Fide, Lucina, Marica, Feronia, Juno Regina; as well as the later Roman Gods: Iunos, Apolenei, Diana, Mater Matuta.
In addition to the found votives, coin and idol, a terracotta borderline marker was unearthed, inscribed: " δ Δ δ luci coiirii CI LX ". Luci Coiiri means 'Coerian Grove' and the Roman numerals are taken to reference land measurements.[11]
Olivieri found numerous other artifacts on his estate, all of which are housed in the Biblioteca Oliveriana, a Museum and Library in Pesaro that he founded. Among these many findings are bronze and clay coinage, carved sandstone stela from 7th C. B.C. depicting naumachia (mock naval battles), the famed bronze Tabula Fabrorum[12] with the relief of Etruscan goddess Minerva (Pallas Athena).
The fontanine, or little fountains of stone, by groves near the Chiostro where many of the votives are discoveried, give archaeologists reason to connect the lucus to a cult of water[13] goddesses.[14] Latin meaning of the word fontanine[15] is 'spring waters' as referenced by Decimus Iūnius Iuvenālis, a Silver Age Roman poet, (55 - c. 138 CE), Quaesitum ad fontem solos deducere verpus, "To guide only the condūcēbāmus to the fountain that they seek."[16]
Evolution of Votives
It is of interest to note that over the millennia, as the original purpose of luci became lost, votive stones, cippi and stelae translated to become grave markers and tombs.[17]
Elements of Sacred Groves (Luci)
Ceremonies in luci were centered around classic elements of a spring and a sylvan wood or coppice.[18] Trees with certain desired qualities of a mystical nature and waters of a certain mineral purity were essential to the creating of a Sacred Grove.[19]
One of these trees is the Laurus nobilis (lat. Laures, gr. Dáphnē Δάφνη), a Mediterranean tree native to the Greek and Roman territories of the early Italics, Illyrians and Iberians. The leaves, roots, berries and bark of the bay laurel contain volatile oils, malabathrum,[20] which stimulate sense glands of the nose, and were the basis[21] of these rituals. {See Wikipedia article on Common sense, section on Aristotelian common sense}
Earliest ceremonies[22] of the bronze-age were very naturalistic, πῖπτον [23] in scope and were enacted within an atmosphere of laurel-enhanced mysticism in the minds of the ethnarches[24] (founding tribal leaders) who performed these simple ceremonies[25] with their semones[26] in the surroundings of their sacred groves.
The Carmen Arvale is a surviving Classical-Age Anticuus Latius[27] vocare mei chant of di semones[28] with the praepositus calling forth quod potentia of their guardian divinities and imploring them to limen sali, sta.
An Allegorical Myth of "Luci"
Daphne, a naiad (nymph, a spirit of springs and sacred groves) is pursued by Apollo and when she entreaties, is allegorically turned to a laures tree by her river god Ladon.
Etymologies
Pisaureum, original name of Pesaro, from Pisaurus; gr. [ᵉ]Pì, by the side of + gr. sauria from sanskrt. s`aura, ☯ (symbol of dynamic union) ₊ sun's aura + lat. -ium or lat. -us, both from gr. -ion or -ia, a state, condition, or quality caused by activities such as those of a ritual[29][30]
Sacerdotal Lucus, A Sacred Wood; Sacerdotal [sacer, lat. sacred + dotal, lat. giving], sacred giving or offering;[31] Lucus, lat., lux, light[32]
Condūcēbāmus, lat.1st person imperfect,[33] channel through, combine together, unite; gunas of Nature, of that which binds together[34]
Coerian, lat. cor, of the heart, of the soul; from gr. kardía καρδία,[35] from an. gr. kéar κῆρ, with all the heart; from PIE ḱḗr, fr. proto-PIE m'ḳerd, Sẇan cognate muč̣û`ed, of the breast[36]
Collina di Calibano, Hillside of Beātificus; Collina it., down hill;[37] Calibano gr. καλλίστη inner beauty, lat. Beātificus, blessedness, a state of holy bliss,[38] calque samadhi[39]
Colle della Salute, Hill of Salus; Colle it., hill;[40] Salute it., from lat. Salvs, an ancient Roman demi-goddess[41] or semo, ultimately from PIE solh₂, meaning whole or completed[42]
Cippi, gr. ἐνσκήπτω, n. stela, a balance, a post;[43] v. to let fall, to hurl (viz. a rock)[44]
Semo pl. Semones, gr. Δαίμων, demigods and -goddesses[45] of Sabini origin,[46] from lat. se, separated, parted from[47] + lat. homo, as one, together with[48]
Dáphnē Laures, lat. Laurūs, from etr. lar, the spirit of; anc. gr. Δάφνη δáphnē, laurel, of which the ingested leaves give the gift of prophesying[49]
Supplemental Reading
- it:Lucus Pisaurensis
- Roccia Sedimentaria of the Cippi
A sequential listing of sandstones identified in the various luci cippi- the stēla, Iakovianós simádi and hélmis scapī[50] of Lucus Pisaurensis
- it:Annibale degli Abati Olivieri, Discoverer of the Lucus Pisaurensis, the 18th C. nobleman who discovered the site of Lucus Pisaurensis on his estate properties
- An analysis of the cippi of Lucus Pisaurensis, with photographs, "The Impact of Imperium Romanum on Luci in Italy", by L. Bouke van der Meer, BABESCH 90, 2015, ppg 103-104 https://www.academia.edu/15804636/The_impact_of_Rome_on_luci_sacred_glades_clearings_and_groves_in_Italy_BABESCH_90_2015_99-107
- Discœvería della Grôve Ańciênne
A short article on the Oliveriano Museum in Pesaro, Italy, with descriptives of the Lucus Pisaurensis artifacts and Olivieri's archeological findings around Pesaro-Umbria http://www.euromuse.net/en/museums/museum/view-m/museo-archeologico-oliveriano/
References
- ^ Il Pignocco About Us http://www.ilpignocco.it/en/about-us/lucus-pisaurensis/
- ^ Ancient Art and Its Remains, by Karl Otfried Müller, publ. 1847 https://books.google.com/books?id=yI8ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA248
- ^ Saints of the Catholic Church, Santo Gaetano http://catholicsaints.info/tag/born-in-1480/
- ^ M. Cardone, "New Oliveriani documents on Lucus Pisaurensis", in Studia Oliveriana Series III, III-IV, Pesaro 2003-2004
- ^ Maria Teresa Di Luca Gabriele Baldelli, Pier Luigi Dall'Aglio, The Lucus Pisaurensis (Pesaro and Archaeology. Thematic Papers), Municipality of Pesaro, 2004; Gabriele Stroppa, "First to Pisauro Tombstone, New Research in Fragments, n. 12, Pesaro 2008; "The Impact of Imperium Romanum on Luci (Sacred Glades, Clearings and Groves) in Italy", by L. Bouke van der Meer, BABESCH 90, 2015
- ^ Saints of the Catholic Church, Saint Gaetano http://catholicsaints.info/tag/born-in-1480/
- ^ Oliveriano Archaeological Museum http://www.euromuse.net/en/museums/museum/view-m/museo-archeologico-oliveriano
- ^ Cippi of Luci https://www.academia.edu/15804636/The_impact_of_Rome_on_luci_sacred_glades_clearings_and_groves_in_Italy_BABESCH_90_2015_99-107
- ^ Il Pignocco, Lucus http://www.ilpignocco.it/en/about-us/lucus-pisaurensis/
- ^ Voti of Luci https://www.academia.edu/15804636/The_impact_of_Rome_on_luci_sacred_glades_clearings_and_groves_in_Italy_BABESCH_90_2015_99-107
- ^ Cippi of Luci, by L. Bouke van der Meer, BABESCH 90, 2015, ppg 103-104, ref. Gen. 2:21 מִצַּלְעֹתָ֔יו https://www.academia.edu/15804636/The_impact_of_Rome_on_luci_sacred_glades_clearings_and_groves_in_Italy_BABESCH_90_2015_99-107
- ^ La Tabula Fabrorum http://www.fondazione.scavolini.com/restauri-tabula-fabrorum.asp?m2=7
- ^ Strong's Hebrew Concordance 4325, Gen. 1:6 http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4325.htm
- ^ Il Pignocco, Chapel http://www.ilpignocco.it/en/about-us/history/
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fountain
- ^ Ancient Rome, Juvenal http://www.ancient-literature.com/rome_juvenal.html
- ^ The Stelae of Ancient Egypt http://m.touregypt.net/featurestories/stela.htm
- ^ Trees, Forests And Sacred Groves, by Sarah A. Laird http://www.agroforestry.net/the-overstory/74-overstory-195-trees-forests-and-sacred-groves
- ^ Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete, by Rodney Castleden, Routledge, 1990, pg 138, priestés and sacred olive trees https://books.google.com/books?id=esSIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117&lpg=PT117&dq=sacred+trees+bronze+age&source=bl&ots=8pVNBb-av-&sig=8jE3yd8Gh95EW1lMk0ObOy87wpk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisuY2t3dLPAhWF4CYKHQhODKMQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=sacred%20trees%20bronze%20age&f=false
- ^ Article on Properties of the Lauraceae, C. tamala http://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-bay.html
- ^ English Oxford Dictionary, basis (synonym) starting point https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/thesaurus/basis
- ^ Report of the Annual Meeting, by British Association for the Advancement of Science, publ.1896, Vol. 66, pg 934, "Sacred Trees & Votive Stones in the Bronze Age" https://books.google.com/books?id=lOs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA934&lpg=PA934&dq=sacred+enclosures+sacred+tree+cult+bronze+age&source=bl&ots=oaDycdhKLb&sig=uEJWGp4wDOrZVFRmYBVH1H3IBJ4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4x86629LPAhXFwj4KHUXKANwQ6AEIJjAD#v=onepage&q=sacred%20enclosures%20sacred%20tree%20cult%20bronze%20age&f=false
- ^ Lexicon of Homeric Dialect, 1889 http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/cunliffe/#eid=3886&context=lsj
- ^ Oxford Dictionaries https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethnarch
- ^ Jeremiah 2:2 KJV espousals http://biblehub.com/kjv/jeremiah/2-2.htm
- ^ Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult, by Roger Woodard, U. Ill. Press 2005, ppg 183-184, sacred seedings https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=semones+gods&source=bl&ots=zl-o1oWKFj&sig=41hS60w7ZQSBiSNxEdStk0TUS4A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ8qH0pNDPAhUJSiYKHUW4DVMQ6AEIOzAC#v=onepage&q=semones%20gods&f=false
- ^ WordSense Dictionary http://www.wordsense.eu/antiquus/
- ^ The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, 1847, Vol 4, pg 181, Indigetes https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3wOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=semones+gods&source=bl&ots=Y85C-M9aI6&sig=GZgMpVlLQsA_Yl7NOR8_vTwNNiU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigwqKFxNLPAhUB5SYKHRLzBngQ6AEISDAI#v=onepage&q=semones%20gods&f=false
- ^ History of Pesaro http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/pesaro-history.php
- ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=-y
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sacerdotal
- ^ Latin Dictionary http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=lucus&lang=latin
- ^ Latin Dictionary http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=conduco
- ^ American Vedic Studi. Institute https://vedanet.com/2012/06/13/the-three-gunas-how-to-balance-your-consciousness/
- ^ Latin Etymology Dictionary, [Definition II.b.] http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=cor
- ^ https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/κῆρ#
- ^ Dizionario Tolkien http://translation.babylon-software.com/italian/collina/
- ^ Online Dictionary, Hebrew definition, beatific https://www.google.com/search?q=beatific&oq=beatific&aqs=chrome..69i57.1914j0j4&client=ms-android-verizon&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8
- ^ A Tibetan Verb Lexicon, by Paul G. Hackett, Snow Lion Publ., 2003 https://books.google.com/books?id=CY0KGFUFpFsC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=bliss+samadhi+lexicon&source=bl&ots=xARUcdffTv&sig=fkJR4kU-3eyfSsBamoqy15vYrjE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1wMf6zMjPAhXJ6SYKHZY5BAgQ6AEIVTAJ#v=onepage&q=bliss%20samadhi%20lexicon&f=false
- ^ Dizionario Tolkien http://translation.babylon-software.com/english/hill/
- ^ Latin Dictionary http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=salus
- ^ https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/salvus
- ^ Latin Dictionary http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=scapus
- ^ A Greek- English Lexicon http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=skh/ptw
- ^ An Intermediate Greek-Roman Lexicon http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=dai/mwn
- ^ Paganalia http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Paganalia
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=se-
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=homo-
- ^ A Latin Dictionary, (laurūs, L. nobilis, C. camphor, see Cic. Mur. 41.) http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=laurus
- ^ A Latin Dictionary, Def. _H. B_(n) http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=scapus