Marie-Anne Libert
Marie-Anne Libert, (born April 1782 in Malmedy, province of Liège, died 14 January 1865 in Malmedy) was a Belgian botanist and mycologist. She was one of the first women plant pathologists. She is sometimes referred to as "Anne-Marie Libert"[1]
Early life
Marie-Anne Libert was born in Malmedy in April 1782, twelfth of the thirteen children of Henri-Joseph Libert and his wife Marie-Jeanne-Bernadine Libert (née Dubois). The parents, educated members of the middle class who ran a tanning business, quickly realized her intellectual potential. She was initially a pupil of the Sépulcrines of Malmedy. At the age of eleven her parents sent her to stay in Prüm in Germany to learn German and the violin, both of which she quickly mastered. Her father recognised his daughter's emerging interest in the exact sciences and taught her algebra and geometry, so that she could follow him into the business. She was enthusiastic and pushed the education well beyond the needs of commerce.
At an age when other girls only wanted to amuse themslelves, Marie-Anne Libert was motivated by a thirst for knowledge: everything interested her, she wanted to know everything. Nature drew her in particular; she spent long hours walking in the area of Malmedy, particularly in the High Fens. She observed, gathered many minerals and plants then identified them in her father's office, cataloguing and classifying them. As most reference works were written in Latin, she began to teach herself Latin.[2]
Botany and mycology
Her work in botany, or more precisely in cryptogams, of an undeniable scientific rigour, earned her an international reputation. She corresponded with scientists in Belgium and elsewhere. She also collaborated for a time with Dr. Lejeune of Verviers, who was preparing a catalogue of the plants of the Department of Ourthe.
She was one of the first to identify the organism responsible for the "late blight" disease of the potato, which she named Botrytis vastatrix Lib. and of which she gave a detailed description in a report written in August 1845.[3] The German mycologist Anton de Bary, built on this discovery, among other work, when he showed in 1876 that the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans as he renamed it, was the cause of late blight, and not the consequence as was still believed at the time.[4]
She also described several plant pathogenic Ascomycetes including Alternaria cheiranthi (Lib.) PC Bolle (basionym: Helminthosporium cheiranthi Lib.) a pathogen of wallflower, and Fusarium coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc., the causative agent of dry rot of potato.
Other interests
The study of ancient languages had directed her attention towards archaeology. In the last years of her life, when her age no longer allowed her to run around the countryside, she devoted considerable time to the history of the Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy. She gave to history and archeology the same scientific rigour as to her botanical studies, using all available sources.
In addition to her herbarium, she formed a remarkable collection of pearls obtained from large pearl mussels found in abundance in the river Amblève and its tributaries. She also assembled a large collection of coins. This intense scientific activity was no obstacle to business. She took that with the same determination as her research, the same desire to do well. With her brothers, she was able to make a large extension to the small tannery which they had inherited from their parents. After a short illness, Marie-Anne Libert died in Malmedy on 14 January 1865.[2]
Honours
The taxa Libertia (a genus of the Iridaceae family) and Libertiella (ascomycete fungi) were named after her.
The "Cercle naturaliste de la région de Malmedy", founded in 1951, which later became "Cercle Royal Marie-Anne Libert", took its name in her honour. In 1965, the centenary of her death, there was erected a stele decorated with a medallion bearing the likeness of Marie-Anne Libert in the Tanneries park (Parc Marie-Anne Libert) in Malmedy.[2]
Works
- (1826). Mémoires sur des cryptogames observées aux environs de Malmedy
- (1830—1837). Plantae cryptogamicae quas in Arduenna collegit M. A. Libert. 4 volumes
Notes and references
- ^ Crépin, François (1878). Guide du botaniste en Belgique: (plantes vivantes et fossiles). G, Mayolez.
- ^ a b c "Historique du Cercle Royal Marie-Anne Libert"..
- ^ Pitrat, Michel; Foury, Claude (2003). Histoires de légumes : des origines à l'orée du XXIe siècle (in French). Éditions Quae. p. 170. ISBN 2738010660..
- ^ Widmark, Anna-Karin (2010). "The Late Blight Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Interaction with the Potato Plant and Inoculum Sources" (PDF). Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help). - ^ International Plant Names Index. Lib.
Bibliography
- Creese, Mary R. S.; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research. Scarecrow Press. pp. 101–104. ISBN 978-0810849792.
- Lawalrée, André (1965). Marie-Anne Libert, 1782-1865 : biographie, généalogie, bibliographie. Famille et Terroir. p. 126..
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