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| name = Marilyn vos Savant| birth_name = Marilyn Mach |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|08|11}} |
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| birth_place = [[St. Louis, Missouri]], [[United States]] |
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| occupation = [[Author]] |
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| spouse = [[Robert Jarvik]] (1987-''present'') |
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| known_for = Magazine column; ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Records]]'' highest IQ |
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| website = [http://www.marilynvossavant.com/ www.marilynvossavant.com] |
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'''Marilyn vos Savant''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|v|ɒ|s|_|s|ə|ˈ|v|ɑː|n|t}}; born August 11, 1946) is an American [[magazine]] [[Column (newspaper)|column]]ist, [[author]], [[lecture]]r, and [[playwright]] who rose to fame through her listing in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' under "Highest [[IQ]]". Since 1986 she has written "Ask Marilyn", a Sunday column in ''[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]'' magazine in which she solves puzzles and answers questions from readers on a variety of subjects. |
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==Biography== |
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Vos Savant was born Marilyn Mach in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], to Joseph Mach and Marina vos Savant, who had immigrated to the United States from [[Germany]] and [[Italy]] respectively. Vos Savant believes that both men and women should keep their premarital [[surnames]] for life, with sons taking their fathers' surnames and daughters their mothers'.<ref>{{cite news | author=Marilyn vos Savant | title=Ask Marilyn | url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2007/edition_11-25-2007/Ask_Marilyn | work=Parade | date=25 November 2007}}</ref> The word "[[wikt:savant|savant]]", meaning a person of learning, appears twice in her family: her maternal grandmother's [[maiden name]] was Savant, while her maternal grandfather's surname was vos Savant. Vos Savant is of [[Italy|Italian]], [[German People|German]],<ref name=baumgold>{{Cite news | last = Baumgold | first = Julie | title = In the Kingdom of the Brain | magazine = New York Magazine | date = 6 February 1986 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=qugCAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q= | publisher = New York Media, LLC | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> and [[Austria|Austrian]] ancestry—she is a descendant of [[physicist]] and [[philosopher]] [[Ernst Mach]].<ref>{{cite news | author=Michael Vitez | title=Two of a Kind | url= | work=The Chicago Tribune | date=12 October 1988 | accessdate= }}</ref> |
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As a teenager, vos Savant spent her time working in her father's [[general store]] and enjoyed writing and reading. She sometimes wrote articles and subsequently published them under a pseudonym in the local newspaper, stating that she did not want to misuse her name for work that she perceived to be imperfect. When she was sixteen years old, vos Savant married a university student, but the marriage ended in a divorce when she was in her twenties. Her second marriage ended when she was 35.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} |
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Vos Savant studied [[philosophy]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] despite her parents' desire for her to pursue a more useful subject. After two years, she dropped out to help with a family [[investment]] business, seeking financial freedom to pursue a career in writing. |
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Vos Savant moved to New York City in the 1980s. Before her weekly column in ''Parade'', vos Savant wrote the ''Omni I.Q. Quiz Contest'' for ''[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]'', which contained "I.Q. quizzes" and expositions on intelligence and intelligence testing. |
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Vos Savant married her third husband, [[Robert Jarvik]] (one of the developers of the [[artificial heart|Jarvik-7 artificial heart]]), in 1987 and lives with him in [[New York City]]. Vos Savant was [[Chief Financial Officer]] of Jarvik Heart, Inc. She has served on the [[Board of Directors]] of the [[National Council on Economic Education]] and on the advisory boards of the [[National Association for Gifted Children]] and the [[National Women's History Museum]].<ref>[http://www.nwhm.org/about-nwhm/press/press-publicity/cyber-launch-more National Women's History Museum]</ref> She was named by [[Toastmasters International]] as one of the "Five Outstanding Speakers of 1999," and in 2003 received an [[honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Letters]] from [[The College of New Jersey]]. |
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==Rise to fame and IQ score== |
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In 1985, ''Guinness Book of World Records'' accepted vos Savant's IQ score of 190 and gave her the record for "Highest IQ (Women)." She was listed in that category from 1986 to 1989.<ref name=knight>{{Cite news | last = Knight | first = Sam | title = Is a high IQ a burden as much as a blessing? | magazine = Financial Times | date = 10 April 2009 | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4add9230-23d5-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1m5xleLR0 | publisher = Financial Times Ltd.}}</ref> She was inducted into the ''Guinness Book of World Records Hall of Fame'' in 1988.<ref name= knight/><ref>http://www.parade.com/askmarilyn</ref> Guinness retired the category of "Highest IQ" in 1990, after concluding that IQ tests are not reliable enough to designate a single world record holder.<ref name= knight/> The listing gave her nationwide attention and instigated her rise to fame.<ref name= knight/> |
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''Guinness'' cites vos Savant's performance on two intelligence tests, the [[Stanford-Binet]] and the [[Mega Society|Mega Test]]. She was administered the 1937 Stanford-Binet, Second Revision test at age ten,<ref name=baumgold/> which obtained [[Intelligence quotient|ratio IQ]] scores (by dividing the subject's mental age as assessed by the test by chronological age, then multiplying the [[quotient]] by 100). Vos Savant claims her first test was in September 1956, and measured her ceiling mental age at 22 years and 10 months (22-10+), yielding an IQ of 228.<ref name=baumgold/> This alleged IQ calculation of 228 was listed in ''Guinness Book of World Records'', listed in the short biographies in her books and is the one she gives in interviews. Sometimes, a [[rounding|rounded]] value of 230 appears. |
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[[Ronald K. Hoeflin]] calculated her IQ at 218 by using 10-6+ for chronological age and 22-11+ for mental age.<ref name=baumgold/> The Second Revision Stanford-Binet ceiling was 22 years and 10 months, not 11 months. A 10 years and 6 months chronological age corresponds to neither the age in accounts by vos Savant nor the school records cited by Baumgold.<ref>{{cite book | last=Terman | first=Lewis M. | coauthors=Merrill, Maud A. | title=Measuring Intelligence | location=Boston; New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co | year=1937 | oclc=964301}}</ref> She has commented on reports mentioning varying IQ scores she was said to have obtained.<ref>{{cite news | author=Marilyn vos Savant | title=Ask Marilyn: Are adult IQ tests more accurate than child IQ tests?| url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_07-17-2005/featured_0 | work=Parade | date=12 June 2001 | accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> |
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[[Alan S. Kaufman]], an author of IQ tests and of books about IQ testing, writes in ''IQ Testing 101'' that "Miss Savant was given an old version of the Stanford-Binet (Terman & Merrill 1937), which did, indeed, use the antiquated formula of MA/CA × 100. But in the test manual's norms, the Binet does not permit IQs to rise above 170 at any age, child or adult. And the authors of the old Binet stated: 'Beyond fifteen the mental ages are entirely artificial and are to be thought of as simply numerical scores.' (Terman & Merrill 1937).... the psychologist who came up with an IQ of 228 committed an extrapolation of a misconception, thereby violating almost every rule imaginable concerning the meaning of IQs."<ref>{{cite book |title=IQ Testing 101 |last=Kaufman |first=Alan S. |authorlink=Alan S. Kaufman |year=2009 |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8261-0629-2 |page=104 }}</ref> |
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The second test reported by ''Guinness'' was the Mega Test, designed by [[Ronald K. Hoeflin]], administered to vos Savant in the mid-1980s as an adult. The Mega Test yields [[deviation IQ]] values obtained by multiplying the subject's normalized [[z-score]], or the rarity of the [[raw score|raw test score]], by a constant [[standard deviation]], and adding the [[product (mathematics)|product]] to 100, with vos Savant's raw score reported by Hoeflin to be 46 out of a possible 48, with 5.4 z-score, and standard deviation of 16, arriving at a 186 IQ in the 99.999997 [[percentile]], with a rarity of 1 in 30 million.<ref>{{cite web | author=Hoeflin, Ronald K. | title=The Sixth Norming of the Mega Test | url=http://www.eskimo.com/~miyaguch/meganorm.html | publisher=Darryl Miyaguchi | year=1989 | accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> The Mega Test has been criticized by professional psychologists as improperly designed and scored, "nothing short of number pulverization."<ref>{{cite book |author=Roger D. Carlson | editor1=Daniel J. Keyser |editor2=Richard C. Sweetland |work = Test Critique: The Mega Test | title=Test Critiques |edition=Volume VIII |
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|publisher =PRO-ED | pages=431–435 | isbn=0-89079-254-2 |
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|year=1991 |quote=Although the approach that Hoeflin takes is interesting, it violates good psychometric principles by overinterpreting the weak data of a self-selected sample.}}</ref> |
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Although vos Savant's IQ scores are high, the more extravagant sources, stating that she is the smartest person in the world and was a [[child prodigy]], are received with skepticism.<ref>{{cite news | author=Schmich, Mary T | title=Meet the World's Smartest Person | url= | work=Chicago Tribune | date=29 September 1985 | accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> Vos Savant herself says she values IQ tests as measurements of a variety of mental abilities and believes intelligence itself involves so many factors that "attempts to measure it are useless."<ref>{{cite news | author=Marilyn vos Savant | title=Ask Marilyn: Are Men Smarter Than Women?| url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_07-17-2005/featured_0 | work=Parade | date=17 July 2005 | accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> |
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Vos Savant has held memberships with the [[High IQ society|high-IQ societies]] [[Mensa International]] and the [[Prometheus Society]].<ref>{{cite news | author=Thompson, D. | title=Marilyn's Most Vital Statistic | url= | work=The Courier-Mail | date=5 July 1986 | accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> |
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=="Ask Marilyn"== |
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Vos Savant is most widely known for her weekly column in ''Parade'', "Ask Marilyn". ''Parade'' ran a profile of vos Savant with a selection of questions from ''Parade'' readers and her answers. ''Parade'' continued to receive questions, so "Ask Marilyn" was made into a weekly column. |
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In "Ask Marilyn", vos Savant answers questions from readers on a wide range of chiefly academic subjects, attempts to solve mathematical or logical or vocabulary puzzles posed by readers, occasionally answers requests for advice with logic and includes quizzes and puzzles devised by vos Savant. Aside from the weekly printed column, "Ask Marilyn" is a daily online column which supplements the printed column by resolving controversial answers, correcting mistakes, expanding answers, reposting previous answers, and answering additional questions. |
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Three of her books (''Ask Marilyn'', ''More Marilyn'', and ''Of Course, I'm for Monogamy'') are compilations of questions and answers from "Ask Marilyn"; and ''The Power of Logical Thinking'' includes many questions and answers from the column. |
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==Errors in the Column== |
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On January 22, 2012 Vos Savant admitted a mistake in her column for perhaps the first time ever. The original column was published on December 25, 2011, when a reader asked: |
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<blockquote>I manage a drug-testing program for an organization with 400 employees. Every three months, a random-number generator selects 100 names for testing. Afterward, these names go back into the selection pool. Obviously, the probability of an employee being chosen in one quarter is 25 percent. But what is the likelihood of being chosen over the course of a year? |
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-- Jerry Haskins, Vicksburg, Miss.</blockquote> |
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Marilyn's response was: |
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<blockquote>The probability remains 25 percent, despite the repeated testing. One might think that as the number of tests grows, the likelihood of being chosen increases, but as long as the size of the pool remains the same, so does the probability. Goes against your intuition, doesn't it?" </blockquote> |
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The correct answer is around 68%, calculated as the complementary of the probability of not being chosen in any of the four quarters: 1 - 0.75<sup>4</sup>.<ref>[http://mobile.parade.com/askmarilyn/2012/01/22-sunday-column.html Ask Marilyn: Did Marilyn Make a Mistake on Drug Testing?]. ''Parade Magazine'', 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref> |
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==Controversy regarding Fermat's last theorem== |
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A few months after the announcement by [[Andrew Wiles]] that he had proved [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], vos Savant published her book ''The World's Most Famous Math Problem'' in October 1993.<ref>Fermat's Last Theorem and Wiles's proof were discussed in vos Savant's ''Parade'' column of November 21, 1993, which introduced the book.</ref> The book surveys the history of Fermat's last theorem as well as other mathematical mysteries. Controversy came from the book's criticism of Wiles' proof; vos Savant was accused of misunderstanding [[mathematical induction]], [[proof by contradiction]], and [[imaginary numbers]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Boston | first=Nigel | coauthors=Granville, Andrew | title=Review of The World's Most Famous Math Problem | journal=American Mathematical Monthly | volume=102 | issue=5 | pages=470–473 | doi= 10.2307/2975048| month=May | year=1995 | url=http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/VS.pdf | format=.PDF | accessdate=2008-02-25 | jstor=2975048 | publisher=The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 102, No. 5}}</ref> |
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Her assertion that Wiles' proof should be rejected for its use of [[non-Euclidean geometry]] was especially contested. Specifically, she argued that because "the chain of proof is based in [[hyperbolic geometry|hyperbolic (Lobachevskian) geometry]]," and because [[squaring the circle]] is considered a "famous impossibility" despite being possible in hyperbolic geometry, then "if we reject a hyperbolic method of squaring the circle, we should also reject a hyperbolic proof of Fermat's last theorem." |
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Mathematicians pointed to differences between the two cases, distinguishing the use of hyperbolic geometry as a ''tool'' for proving Fermat's last theorem and from its use as a ''setting'' for squaring the circle: squaring the circle in hyperbolic geometry is a different problem from that of squaring it in Euclidean geometry. She was criticized for rejecting hyperbolic geometry as a satisfactory basis for Wiles' proof, with critics pointing out that [[axiomatic set theory]] (rather than Euclidean geometry) is now the accepted foundation of mathematical proofs and that set theory is sufficiently robust to encompass both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry as well as geometry and adding numbers. In a July 1995 addendum to the book, vos Savant retracts the argument, writing that she had viewed the theorem as "an intellectual challenge—'to find a proof with Fermat's tools.{{'"}} |
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==Famous columns== |
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===The Monty Hall problem=== |
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{{Main|Monty Hall problem}} |
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Perhaps the best-known event involving vos Savant began with a question in her 9 September 1990 column: |
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{{quote|text=Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors. Behind one door is a car, behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say #1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say #3, which has a goat. He says to you, "Do you want to pick door #2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice of doors?|sign=Craig F. Whitaker [[Columbia, Maryland]]|source=<ref name="Original question">{{cite web|url=http://www.marilynvossavant.com/articles/gameshow.html|title=Game Show Problem|last=vos Savant|first=Marilyn|publisher=marilynvossavant.com|accessdate=7 August 2010}}</ref>}} |
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This question, named "the [[Monty Hall problem]]" because of its similarity to scenarios on the game show ''[[Let's Make a Deal]],'' and its answer existed long before being posed to vos Savant, but was used in her column. Vos Savant answered arguing that the selection should be switched to door #2 because it has a 2/3 chance of success, while door #1 has just 1/3. Or to summarise, 2/3 of the time the opened door #3 will indicate the location of door with the car (the door you hadn't picked and the one not opened by the host). Only 1/3 of the time will the opened door #3 mislead you into changing from the winning door to a losing door. These probabilities assume you change your choice each time door #3 is opened, and that the host always opens a door with a goat. This response provoked letters of thousands of readers, nearly all arguing doors #1 and #2 each have an equal chance of success. A follow-up column reaffirming her position served only to intensify the debate and soon became a feature article on the front page of ''[[The New York Times]].'' Among the ranks of dissenting arguments were hundreds of academics and mathematicians.<ref>{{cite news | author=Tierney, John |authorlink=John Tierney (journalist)| title=Behind Monty Hall's Doors: Puzzle, Debate and Answer? | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDD1E3FF932A15754C0A967958260 | work=The New York Times | date=21 July 1991 | accessdate=2008-08-07}}</ref> |
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Under the most common interpretation of the problem where the host opens a losing door and offers a switch, vos Savant's answer is correct because her interpretation assumes the host will always avoid the door with the prize. However, having the host opening a door at random, or offering a switch only if the initial choice is correct, is a completely different problem, and is not the question for which she provided a solution. Vos Savant addressed these issues by writing the following in ''Parade Magazine'', "...the original answer defines certain conditions, the most significant of which is that the host always opens a losing door on purpose. Anything else is a different question."<ref>{{cite news | title=Game Show Problem | url=http://www.marilynvossavant.com/articles/gameshow.html | work=marilynvossavant.com |accessdate=2008-06-02}}</ref> In vos Savant's second followup, she went further into an explanation of her assumptions and reasoning, and called on school teachers to present the problem to each of their classrooms. In her final column on the problem, she announced the results of more than a thousand school experiments. Nearly 100% of the results concluded that it pays to switch. Of the readers who wrote computer simulations of the problem, 97% reached the same conclusion. A majority of respondents now agree with her original solution, with half of the published letters declaring the letter writers had changed their minds.<ref>{{cite news | author=Marilyn vos Savant | title=Ask Marilyn | url= | work=Parade | year=1992 | accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> |
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Television's [[The Mythbusters]] weighed in on this problem in one of their episodes, confirming vos Savant's answer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mythbusters - Best To Stick Or Switch? | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=nUgbcBZxmnE#!}}</ref> |
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==="Two boys" problem=== |
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{{Main|Boy or Girl paradox}} |
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Like the Monty Hall problem, the [[Boy or Girl paradox|"two boys" or "second-sibling" problem]] predates ''Ask Marilyn'', but generated controversy in the column,<ref>The problem appeared in ''Ask Marilyn'' on October 13, 1991 with a follow-up on January 5, 1992 (initially involving two baby beagles instead of two children), and then on May 26, 1996 with follow-ups on December 1, 1996, March 30, 1997, July 27, 1997, and October 19, 1997.</ref> first appearing there in 1991-92 in the context of baby beagles: |
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<blockquote>A shopkeeper says she has two new baby beagles to show you, but she doesn't know whether they're male, female, or a pair. You tell her that you want only a male, and she telephones the fellow who's giving them a bath. "Is at least one a male?" she asks him. "Yes!" she informs you with a smile. What is the probability that the ''other'' one is a male?<br>—Stephen I. Geller, [[Pasadena, California]]</blockquote> |
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When vos Savant replied "One out of three", readers{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} wrote to argue that the odds were fifty-fifty. In a follow-up, she defended her answer, observing that "If we could shake a pair of puppies out of a cup the way we do dice, there are four ways they could land", in three of which at least one is male, but in only one of which both are male. |
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The confusion arises here because the bather is not asked if the puppy he is holding is a male, but rather if either is a male. If the puppies are labeled (A and B), each has a 50% chance of being male independently. This independence is restricted when it is stipulated that at least A or B is male. Now, if A is NOT male, B MUST be male, and vice-versa. This restriction is introduced by the way the question is structured and is easily overlooked - misleading people to the erroneous answer of 50%. See [[Boy or Girl paradox]] for solution details. |
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The problem re-emerged in 1996-97 with two cases juxtaposed: |
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<blockquote>Say that a woman and a man (who are unrelated) each has two children. We know that at least one of the woman's children is a boy and that the man's oldest child is a boy. Can you explain why the chances that the woman has two boys do not equal the chances that the man has two boys? My algebra teacher insists that the probability is greater that the man has two boys, but I think the chances may be the same. What do you think?</blockquote> |
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Vos Savant agreed with the algebra teacher, writing that the chances are only 1 out of 3 that the woman has two boys, but 1 out of 2 that the man has two boys. Readers argued for 1 out of 2 in both cases, prompting multiple follow-ups. Finally, vos Savant started a survey, calling on women readers (with exactly two children and at least one boy) and male readers (with exactly two children—the elder a boy) to tell her the sex of both children. With almost eighteen thousand responses, the results showed 35.9% of them having two boys. {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align: center;" width="45%" |
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|- |
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! colspan=4 | Woman has |
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|- |
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! width="25%" | young boy, older girl |
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! width="25%" | young girl, older boy |
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! width="25%" | 2 boys |
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! width="25%" | 2 girls |
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|- |
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! Probability: |
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| width="25%" | 1/3 |
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| width="25%" | 1/3 |
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| width="25%" | 1/3 |
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| width="25%" | 0 |
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|} |
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<br/> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align: center;" width="45%" |
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|- |
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| |
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! colspan=4 | Man has |
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|- |
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| |
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! width="25%" | young boy, older girl |
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! width="25%" | young girl, older boy |
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! width="25%" | 2 boys |
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! width="25%" | 2 girls |
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|- |
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! Probability: |
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| width="25%" | 0 |
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| width="25%" | 1/2 |
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| width="25%" | 1/2 |
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| width="25%" | 0 |
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|} |
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==Publications== |
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* 1985 – ''Omni I.Q. Quiz Contest'' |
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* 1990 – ''Brain Building: Exercising Yourself Smarter'' (co-written with Leonore Fleischer) |
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* 1992 – ''Ask Marilyn: Answers to America's Most Frequently Asked Questions'' |
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* 1993 – ''The World's Most Famous Math Problem: The Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and Other Mathematical Mysteries'' |
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* 1994 – ''More Marilyn: Some Like It Bright!'' |
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* 1994 – ''"I've Forgotten Everything I Learned in School!": A Refresher Course to Help You Reclaim Your Education'' |
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* 1996 – ''Of Course I'm for Monogamy: I'm Also for Everlasting Peace and an End to Taxes |
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* 1996 – ''The Power of Logical Thinking: Easy Lessons in the Art of Reasoning…and Hard Facts about Its Absence in Our Lives'' |
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* 2000 – ''The Art of Spelling: The Madness and the Method'' |
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* 2002 – ''Growing Up: A Classic American Childhood'' |
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In addition to her published works, vos Savant has written a collection of humorous short stories called ''Short Shorts'', a stage play called ''It Was Poppa's Will'', and two novels: a satire of a dozen classical civilizations in history called ''The Re-Creation'', and a futuristic political fantasy, as yet untitled. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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* Marilyn vos Savant [http://www.marilynvossavant.com/ official website] |
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* ''Parade'' [http://www.parade.com/ official website] |
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* [http://www.parade.com/table_of_content/archive.html Parade Archive] back issues of ''Parade'', including ''Ask Marilyn'' |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME =Vos Savant, Marilyn |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH =1946-08-11 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[St. Louis, Missouri]], [[United States]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vos Savant, Marilyn}} |
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[[Category:1946 births]] |
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[[Category:American columnists]] |
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[[Category:American self-help writers]] |
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[[Category:American people of German descent]] |
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[[Category:American people of Italian descent]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri]] |
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[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]] |
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[[Category:American skeptics]] |
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[[ca:Marilyn vos Savant]] |
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[[ko:메릴린 보스 사반트]] |
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[[ja:マリリン・ボス・サバント]] |
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[[ru:Савант, Мэрилин вос]] |
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[[zh:瑪麗蓮·沃斯·莎凡特]] |
Revision as of 04:43, 28 February 2012
Alex Aloyan Yura Z A K A R Y A N Aram P A G A R I A N Rafik M I N A S Y A N