Mary Thomas (labor leader)
Mary Thomas, known as Queen Mary, (ca. 1848–1905) was one of the leaders of the 1878 "Fireburn" labor riot, or uprising, on the island of St. Croix in the Danish West Indies.
Mary Thomas was from Antigua and arrived in St. Croix in the 1860s to take work on the plantations in the island. In 1878 she resided at the Sprat Hall plantation.[1] Before the outbreak of the uprising she had three children, and had previously been arrested for misdemeanors.[2][3] Historians have speculated that the arrest record was partly invented by colonial Danish authorities in order to discredit Thomas in the eyes of the public.[4]
After the 1848 emancipation of enslaved Africans in the Danish West Indies, an 1849 labor law fixed salaries and labor conditions for all plantation workers and prohibited bargaining for better wages or work conditions. This made plantation work unattractive and many workers opted to leave the plantations and the islands, to seek better conditions elsewhere. The government reacted to the labor shortage by making it harder to for workers to leave the islands, demanding health certificates and charging fees for passports. When wages were to be negotiated in the fall of 1878, the workers' demands were denied, and new harsh conditions for traveling were imposed. This sparked the so-called Fireburn riots, which have been called the largest labor riot in Danish history, and during which more than 50 plantations were burned.
Because of her role as a leader during the uprising Mary Thomas came to be known as "Queen Mary". The workers chose her and two other women, "Queen Agnes" and "Queen Matilda", as "queens" to perform ritual and celebratory functions during the uprising.[5] Thomas played a leading role and referred to herself as a "captain" in the rebellion.[1] Allegedly, during one the uprisings Thomas had called for those unwilling to participate to be decapitated.[2]
She was arrested and tried with other leaders of the labor uprising. During the trial of the labor leaders she gave witness testimony against another leader, Thomas Graydon also known as "Colonel Peter", who was sentenced to death.[1] Thomas was also sentenced to death for arson and looting but had her sentence commuted to life imprisonment, and was transferred to Copenhagen and placed at Women's Prison, Christianshavn in 1882, but in 1887 was sent back to Christiansted, St. Croix to serve the remainder of her sentence.[2][4]
Legacy
Thomas obtained semi-mythical status in the Virgin Islands oral tradition, where a popular song commemorates her actions in the uprising:
- "Queen Mary, ah where you gon' go burn?
- Queen Mary, ah where you gon' go burn?
- Don' ask me nothin' t'all
- Just geh me de match an oil
- Bassin Jailhouse, ah deh de money dey"[6]
The Queen Mary Highway on St. Croix is named after her.[2][7]
In 2018, the artists Jeannette Ehlers and La Vaughn Belle created a 7 meters (23 ft)-tall statue of Mary Thomas, called "I am Queen Mary", seated on a throne wielding a torch and a cane knife. The statue was unveiled in Copenhagen in 2018, it is Denmark's first public monument to a Black woman.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Karen Fog Olwig. 2014. Small Islands, Large Questions: Society, Culture and Resistance in the Post-Emancipation Caribbean. Routledge
- ^ a b c d https://www.virgin-islands-history.org/en/history/fates/the-three-rebel-queens/
- ^ Albert Scherfig & Nicklas Weis Damkjær. 2016. "Kvinderne i Danmarks største arbejderopstand" FRIKTION. [1]
- ^ a b Philip Sampson. 2017. "Fireburn-dronningerne – Danmarks glemte heltinder" http://pov.international/fireburn-dronningerne-danmarks-glemte-heltinder/
- ^ Marsh, C. (1981). A Socio-Historical Analysis of the Labor Revolt of 1878 in the Danish West Indies. Phylon (1960–), 42(4), 335–345. doi:10.2307/275012
- ^ Jeannette Allis Bastian. 2003. Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost Its Archives and Found Its History. Libraries Unlimited, p. 12
- ^ Karen C. Thurland. 2009. The Neighborhoods of Christiansted: St. Croix 1910–1960, AuthorHouse, p. 100
- ^ Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (31 March 2018). "Denmark Gets Statue of a 'Rebel Queen' Who Led Fiery Revolt Against Colonialism". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.