Mist Mountain Formation
| Mist Mountain Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Kootenay Group |
| Underlies | Cadomin Formation and Elk Formation |
| Overlies | Morrissey Formation |
| Thickness | maximum 665 metres (2,180 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone |
| Other | Coal, conglomerate |
| Location | |
| Region |  Alberta British Columbia |
| Country |  Canada |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Mist Mountain, Alberta |
| Named by | D.W. Gibson, 1979[1] |
The Mist Mountain Formation is a latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous geologic formation in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin of southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta.[2] It was named for outcrops along a western spur of Mist Mountain in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta. It contains economically important coal reserves that are mined in southeastern British Columbia.[1]
Lithology
The Mist Mountain Formation consists of interbedded light to dark grey siltstone, silty shale, mudstone, and sandstone, with localized occurrences of chert- and quartzite-pebble conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. It also contains a series of economically important coal seams.[3]
Environment of deposition
The Mist Mountain Formation is part of the Kootenay Group, an eastward-thinning wedge of sediments derived from the erosion of newly uplifted mountains to the west. The sediments were transported eastward by river systems and deposited in a variety of fluvial channel, floodplain, swamp, coastal plain and deltaic environments along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway.[4]
Thickness and distribution
The Mist Mountain Formation is present in the front ranges and foothills of the Canadian Rockies in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta. It extends from the Canada–US border to north of the North Saskatchewan River. It thins eastward, ranging from 665 metres (2,180 ft) thick near Elkford, British Columbia, to less than 25 metres (80 ft) in the eastern foothills in Alberta.[1] Farther to the east it was truncated by pre-Aptian erosion.[2][5]
Relationship to other units
The Mist Mountain Formation is the middle unit of the Kootenay Group. It rests conformably on the cliff-forming sandstones of the Moose Mountain Member of the Morrissey Formation, and is conformably overlain by the Elk Formation. In the eastern foothills, the Elk Formation has been removed by erosion and the Mist Mountain Formation is unconformably overlain by the Cadomin Formation. North of the North Saskatchewan River, the Mist Mountain Formation grades into the Nikanassin Formation. Correlation south of the Canada–United States border is uncertain.[3]
Paleontology and age
Plant fossils from the Mist Mountain Formation include remains of ferns, cycads, cycadeoids, Ginkgos and extinct conifers. No remains of flowering plants have been reported.[6] Indeterminate fossil ornithischian tracks are also known from the formation.[7] None of the fossils are sufficiently time-sensitive to date the formation precisely.
Coal resources
Economically important coal seams occur throughout the Mist Mountain Formation, and some of the seams near the base for the formation are regionally extensive. The strata were strongly folded and faulted during the Laramide Orogeny, which brought the coal to surface in many places. This also produced localized thickening and thinning of the coal in some areas due to shearing and fault-repetition of the seams, especially in the cores of folds and flexures. Localized coal thicknesses of up to 18 metres (60 ft) have been documented.[4][8]
Mist Mountain coal generally has a low sulphur content and coal rank ranges from high-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite. As of 2015, it is being produced from large open-pit mines near Sparwood and Elkford, British Columbia, and the majority of it is exported to international markets for use as coking coal. Mist Mountain coal was formerly mined near Fernie, British Columbia, in the Crowsnest Pass area of Alberta, and at Canmore, Alberta, primarily by underground mining methods.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Gibson, D.W. 1979. The Morrissey and Mist Mountain formations - newly described lithostratigraphic units of the Jura-Cretaceous Kootenay Group, Alberta and British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 27: 183-208.
- ^ a b Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Geological Survey (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 18: Jurassic and Lowermost Cretaceous strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1 CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
- ^ a b Gibson, D.W. 1985. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and depositional environments of the coal-bearing Jurassic-Cretaceous Kootenay Group, Alberta and British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 357, 108 p.
- ^ Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Geological Survey (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 19: Cretaceous Mannville Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bell, W.A. 1949. Lower Cretaceous floras of western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 285, 331 p.
- ^ Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd ed., "Dinosaur distribution," pp. 517-607. Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 33: Coal Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)