Most common words in English
Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English. Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus (OEC), a massive text corpus that is written in the English language.
In total, the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words.[1] The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples, such as literary works, novels, academic journals, newspapers, magazines, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, blogs, chat logs, and emails.[2]
Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus, which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s. The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967. Their findings were similar, but not identical, to the findings of the OEC analysis.
According to The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English.[3] According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English, all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Old English origin,[4] except for "people", ultimately from Latin "populus", and "because", in part from Latin "causa".
Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, am, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations.[5] These top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus.[1]
100 most common words
A list of 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below, based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a collection of texts in the English language, comprising over 2 billion words).[1] A part of speech is provided for most of the words, but part-of-speech categories vary between analyses, and not all possibilities are listed. For example, "I" may be a pronoun or a Roman numeral; "to" may be a preposition or an infinitive marker; "time" may be a noun or a verb. Also, a single spelling can represent more than one root word. For example, "singer" may be a form of either "sing" or "singe". Different corpora may treat such difference differently.
The number of distinct senses that are listed in Wiktionary is shown in the polysemy column. For example, "out" can refer to an escape, a removal from play in baseball, or any of 36 other concepts. On average, each word in the list has 15.38 senses. The sense count does not include the use of terms in phrasal verbs such as "put out" (as in "inconvenienced") and other multiword expressions such as the interjection "get out!", where the word "out" does not have an individual meaning.[6] As an example, "out" occurs in at least 560 phrasal verbs[7] and appears in nearly 1700 multiword expressions.[8]
The table also includes frequencies from other corpora. As well as usage differences, lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus – for example splitting the prepositional use of "to" from the use as a particle. Also the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank.
Word | Parts of speech | OEC rank | COCA rank[9] | Dolch level | Polysemy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
the | Article | 1 | 1 | Pre-primer | 12 |
be | Verb | 2 | 2 | Primer | 21 |
to | Preposition | 3 | 7, 9 | Pre-primer | 17 |
of | Preposition | 4 | 4 | Grade 1 | 12 |
and | Coordinator | 5 | 3 | Pre-primer | 16 |
a | Article | 6 | 5 | Pre-primer | 20 |
in | Preposition | 7 | 6, 128, 3038 | Pre-primer | 23 |
that | Subordinator, determiner | 8 | 12, 27, 903 | Primer | 17 |
have | Verb | 9 | 8 | Primer | 25 |
I | Pronoun | 10 | 11 | Pre-primer | 7 |
it | Pronoun | 11 | 10 | Pre-primer | 18 |
for | Preposition | 12 | 13, 2339 | Pre-primer | 19 |
not | Adverb et al. | 13 | 28, 2929 | Pre-primer | 5 |
on | Preposition | 14 | 17, 155 | Primer | 43 |
with | Preposition | 15 | 16 | Primer | 11 |
he | Pronoun | 16 | 15 | Primer | 7 |
as | Adverb, preposition | 17 | 33, 49, 129 | Grade 1 | 17 |
you | Pronoun | 18 | 14 | Pre-primer | 9 |
do | Verb, noun | 19 | 18 | Primer | 38 |
at | Preposition | 20 | 22 | Primer | 14 |
this | Determiner, adverb, noun | 21 | 20, 4665 | Primer | 9 |
but | Preposition, adverb, coordinator | 22 | 23, 1715 | Primer | 17 |
his | Possessive pronoun | 23 | 25, 1887 | Grade 1 | 6 |
by | Preposition | 24 | 30, 1190 | Grade 1 | 19 |
from | Preposition | 25 | 26 | Grade 1 | 4 |
they | Pronoun | 26 | 21 | Primer | 6 |
we | Pronoun | 27 | 24 | Pre-primer | 6 |
say | Verb et al. | 28 | 19 | Primer | 17 |
her | Possessive pronoun | 29, 106 | 42 | Grade 1 | 3 |
she | Pronoun | 30 | 31 | Primer | 7 |
or | Coordinator | 31 | 32 | Grade 2 | 11 |
an | Article | 32 | (a) | Grade 1 | 6 |
will | Verb, noun | 33 | 48, 1506 | Primer | 16 |
my | Possessive pronoun | 34 | 44 | Pre-primer | 5 |
one | Noun, adjective, et al. | 35 | 51, 104, 839 | Pre-primer | 24 |
all | Adjective | 36 | 43, 222 | Primer | 15 |
would | Verb | 37 | 41 | Grade 2 | 13 |
there | Adverb, pronoun, et al. | 38 | 53, 116 | Primer | 14 |
their | Possessive pronoun | 39 | 36 | Grade 2 | 2 |
what | Pronoun, adverb, et al. | 40 | 34 | Primer | 19 |
so | Coordinator, adverb, et al. | 41 | 55, 196 | Primer | 18 |
up | Adverb, preposition, et al. | 42 | 50, 456 | Pre-primer | 50 |
out | Preposition | 43 | 64, 149 | Primer | 38 |
if | Preposition | 44 | 40 | Grade 3 | 9 |
about | Preposition, adverb, et al. | 45 | 46, 179 | Grade 3 | 18 |
who | Pronoun, noun | 46 | 38 | Primer | 5 |
get | Verb | 47 | 39 | Primer | 37 |
which | Pronoun | 48 | 58 | Grade 2 | 7 |
go | Verb, noun | 49 | 35 | Pre-primer | 54 |
me | Pronoun | 50 | 61 | Pre-primer | 10 |
when | Adverb | 51 | 57, 136 | Grade 1 | 11 |
make | Verb, noun | 52 | 45 | Grade 2 [as "made"] | 48 |
can | Verb, noun | 53 | 37, 2973 | Pre-primer | 18 |
like | Preposition, verb | 54 | 74, 208, 1123, 1684, 2702 | Primer | 26 |
time | Noun | 55 | 52 | Dolch list of 95 nouns | 14 |
no | Determiner, adverb | 56 | 93, 699, 916, 1111, 4555 | Primer | 10 |
just | Adjective | 57 | 66, 1823 | Grade 1 | 14 |
him | Pronoun | 58 | 68 | Grade 1 | 5 |
know | Verb, noun | 59 | 47 | Grade 1 | 13 |
take | Verb, noun | 60 | 63 | Grade 1 | 66 |
people | Noun | 61 | 62 | 9 | |
into | Preposition | 62 | 65 | Primer | 10 |
year | Noun | 63 | 54 | 7 | |
your | Possessive pronoun | 64 | 69 | Grade 2 | 4 |
good | Adjective | 65 | 110, 2280 | Primer | 32 |
some | Determiner | 66 | 60 | Grade 1 | 10 |
could | Verb | 67 | 71 | Grade 1 | 6 |
them | Pronoun | 68 | 59 | Grade 1 | 3 |
see | Verb | 69 | 67 | 25 | |
other | Adjective, pronoun | 70 | 75, 715, 2355 | 12 | |
than | Preposition | 71 | 73, 712 | 4 | |
then | Adverb | 72 | 77 | Grade 1 | 10 |
now | Preposition | 73 | 72, 1906 | Primer | 13 |
look | Verb | 74 | 85, 604 | Pre-primer | 17 |
only | Adverb | 75 | 101, 329 | Grade 3 | 11 |
come | Verb | 76 | 70 | Pre-primer | 20 |
its | Possessive pronoun | 77 | 78 | Grade 2 | 2 |
over | Preposition | 78 | 124, 182 | Grade 1 | 19 |
think | Verb | 79 | 56 | Grade 1 | 10 |
also | Adverb | 80 | 87 | 2 | |
back | Noun, adverb | 81 | 108, 323, 1877 | Dolch list of 95 nouns | 36 |
after | Preposition | 82 | 120, 260 | Grade 1 | 14 |
use | Verb, noun | 83 | 92, 429 | Grade 2 | 17 |
two | Noun | 84 | 80 | Pre-primer | 6 |
how | Adverb | 85 | 76 | Grade 1 | 11 |
our | Possessive pronoun | 86 | 79 | Primer | 3 |
work | Verb, noun | 87 | 117, 199 | Grade 2 | 28 |
first | Adjective | 88 | 86, 2064 | Grade 2 | 10 |
well | Adverb | 89 | 100, 644 | Primer | 30 |
way | Noun, adverb | 90 | 84, 4090 | Dolch list of 95 nouns | 16 |
even | Adjective | 91 | 107, 484 | 23 | |
new | Adjective et al. | 92 | 88 | Primer | 18 |
want | Verb | 93 | 83 | Primer | 10 |
because | Preposition | 94 | 89, 509 | Grade 2 | 7 |
any | Pronoun | 95 | 109, 4720 | Grade 1 | 4 |
these | Pronoun | 96 | 82 | Grade 2 | 2 |
give | Verb | 97 | 98 | Grade 1 | 19 |
day | Noun | 98 | 90 | Dolch list of 95 nouns | 9 |
most | Adverb | 99 | 144, 187 | 12 | |
us | Pronoun | 100 | 113 | Grade 2 | 6 |
Parts of speech
The following is a very similar list, also from the OEC, subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.
Rank | Nouns | Verbs | Adjectives | Prepositions | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | time | be | good | to | the |
2 | person | have | new | of | and |
3 | year | do | first | in | a |
4 | way | say | last | for | that |
5 | day | get | long | on | I |
6 | thing | make | great | with | it |
7 | man | go | little | at | not |
8 | world | know | own | by | he |
9 | life | take | other | from | as |
10 | hand | see | old | up | you |
11 | part | come | right | about | this |
12 | child | think | big | into | but |
13 | eye | look | high | over | his |
14 | woman | want | different | after | they |
15 | place | give | small | her | |
16 | work | use | large | she | |
17 | week | find | next | or | |
18 | case | tell | early | an | |
19 | point | ask | young | will | |
20 | government | work | important | my | |
21 | company | seem | few | one | |
22 | number | feel | public | all | |
23 | group | try | bad | would | |
24 | problem | leave | same | there | |
25 | fact | call | able | their |
See also
- Basic English
- Frequency analysis, the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters
- Letter frequencies
- Oxford English Corpus
- Swadesh list, a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical-comparative linguistics
- Zipf's law, a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table
Word lists
- Dolch Word List, a list of frequently used English words
- General Service List
- New General Service List
- Word lists by frequency
References
- ^ a b c d "The Oxford English Corpus: Facts about the language". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. What is the commonest word?. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Oxford English Corpus". AskOxford.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
- ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words Archived 2013-06-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way, Harper Perennial, 2001, page 58
- ^ Benjamin Zimmer. June 22, 2006. Time after time after time.... Language Log. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
- ^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). "Polysemy in top 100 Oxford English Corpus words within Wiktionary". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ Garcia-Vega, M (2010). "Teasing out the meaning of "out"". 29th International Conference on Lexis and Grammar. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Lexis and Grammar.
- ^ "out - English-French Dictionary". www.wordreference.com. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
- ^ "Word frequency: based on 450 million word COCA corpus". www.wordfrequency.info. Retrieved April 11, 2018.