Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev

Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev
Born	(1879-05-12)12 May 1879 Lepsinsk uezd, Semirechensk oblast, Russian Empire
Died	after November 1937 Tashkent, Soviet Union
Nationality	Kazakh
Occupation(s)	turkologist, political activist, member of Alash Orda
Movement	Alash Orda and Kokand Autonomy
Spouse(s)	Gulbakhram Shalymbekova (d. 1923 of cholera), Aziza Shalymbekova, Amina Tynyshpaeva

Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev (Kazakh: Мұхаметжан Тынышбайұлы; Russian: Мухамеджан Тынышпаев) (May 12, 1879 - after November 21, 1937) was a Kazakh engineer, activist, and intellectual. He surveyed and engineered the railways of Russian Central Asia, while also active in the young political newspapers of the region. Through his work, he became known as a political activist, ethnographer, and historian.

Early life and education

Tynyshpaev was born in what is today the region of Almaty, in the rural area of Lepsinsk, near the Lepsi River, not far from the current border of China. His father (Tynyshbai) was a minor official in the region. Because of his position, Tynyshbai was able to send the young Tynyshpaev to the regional center of Verniy (Pre-Reform Russian: Вѣрный) to attend the all-male Gymnasium on a stipend provided by the Governor-General. Tynyshpaev studied from 1889 until his graduation in 1900, excelling in mathematics, languages, literature, and history. After finishing school and thanks to a strong letter of recommendation from his school director, he left for the capital to continue his studies. He enrolled at the Imperial Institute of Railway Transport in St. Petersburg, where the Tsarist government funded him with a stipend and living allowance. Despite not being a member of the Kazakh nobility, his education allowed him to work and write in the same circles as some members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (informally known as the Kadets).

Political career

Before graduating, in the winter of 1905-1906, his actions among the young Kadets had earned the attention of the government. Tynyshpaev intended to return home to the Almaty region as usual for the holidays, but received a warning that he would be arrested upon his arrival. He remained in St. Petersburg and evaded arrest.

In the final decades of the Russian Empire, Tynyshpaev surveyed and planned railway lines, while also writing as a correspondent for several radical publications: Syn Otechestva, Rech’, Radikal, Russkii Turkestan, and most famously, as one of the founding contributors of Qazaq, which acted as the official party organ for the Alash Orda.

In May 1906, he graduated and entered civil service immediately, and that same year was active on the Trans-Caspian Railway. He maintained his political connections and was elected, at the age of 28, to the second Duma in 1907, representing his home region. Tynyshpaev’s life became a routine of railway work and contributing articles and news stories for 'Qazaq'. Some sources suggest that he was arrested in 1916, though no sentence was passed. He wrote on the colonial nature of Tsarist steppe policies in that same year, which may have been the motive for his arrest. In February of 1917, following the initial Russian Revolution, he published his open letter to the Governor-General of Turkestan. The Provision Government, according to Martha Olcott, “chose several Kazakhs who had worked with the Kadet party to be commissars; these included… Mukhammad Tynyshpaev.” Tynyshpaev was considerably less radical than the members of the Bolshevik movement, and advocated for working with the Tsarist government in cooperation with local populations.

He was connected at the time with other Kazakh political figures: Mustafa Chokai, Turar Ryskulov, and Alikhan Bukeikhanov. Tynyshpaev was most politically active in the late 1910s. He was a member of the short-lived Alash autonomy (December 1917 – January, 1920). He was also an early leader of the Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy, the brutal oppression of which (in early 1918) he escaped. After the consolidation of Soviet power, Tynyshpaev and most of his cohort were absorbed peacefully into the Soviet system.

Transition to Soviet Life

In 1921, in part thanks to his friendship with the highly placed Turar Ryskulov, Tynyshpaev was appointed the head of the Department of Water Resources of the People’s Commissariat of Turkestan, and moved to Tashkent. The following year he was appointed to the same position in Chimkent. Sadly, it was there that he lost his first wife, Gulbakhram Shalymbekova, to cholera. Her brother also perished in the cholera outbreak, so that Tynyshpaev, following his family's wishes and Kazakh tradition, married his newly widowed sister-in-law, Aziza Shalymbekova.

In 1924, Tynyshpaev returned to Tashkent, where he took a teaching position at the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute, teaching physics and mathematics. There he began his brief, but intense, period of scholarly output.

Tynyshpaev returned to the railway in the late 1920s, connected with the massive TurkSib project, part of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan. Tynyshpaev was employed there until January 1931. While this would imply that Tynyshpaev worked in regions hit by the disastrous effects of collectivization, there is no record of his observations at that time (1929-1931).

Arrests and Execution

Despite their peaceful entrance into the Soviet Union, hardly any of Tynyshpaev's early Alash Orda compatriots survived the Great Purge of the 1930s, a campaign of brutal political oppression that targeted peasants, early Bolsheviks, nationalists, and military leaders. Tynyshpaev was denounced as a "bourgeois nationalist" in August 1931, but the investigation failed to find sufficient evidence. At that time, his son Daulet was born to his third wife, Amina. At his suggestion, Amina gave Daulet her own surname to avoid connection with Tynyshpaev’s “bourgeois” reputation. Tynyshpaev was arrested again in 1932 and sentenced to five years of exile (with his family) in Voronezh, where he worked on the construction of the Moscow-Donetsk railway. Following the end of this sentence, Tynyshpaev returned to Tashkent. On November 21, 1937, the state police arrested Tynyshpaev and named him an “Enemy of the People.” It is unknown whether he was shot immediately or held for a brief time—he was sentenced to a prison term lasting until April 20, 1938 - perhaps his date of execution.

His work and legacy

Tynyshpaev’s scholarly output was not particularly large, but he produced all of it in the space of about five years. Tynyshpaev worked at the time as a professor of mathematics and physics at a pedagogical institute in Tashkent, training a new cadre of teachers among the indigenous population – in the case of this school, the students were primarily Kazakh. This was first time that Tynyshpaev lived in the same general area for more than three years – his previous employment with the railways had taken him to nearly every populated area in Central Asia.

A large portion of his scholarly output consisted of articles focusing on city ruins, cemeteries, mounds, and other sites which had attracted his attention while working the railroad. Tynyshpaev had no training in archaeology or history. Tynyshpaev wrote about the history of the Kazakhs from a genealogical perspective, lecturing for the Turkestan chapter of the Russian Geographical Society. It was under their auspices that Tynyshpaev published several major articles, including his two most influential works:

• Materially k istorii Kirgizkazakskogo naroda, 1925 (Materials for the history of the Kirgiz-Kazak people)
• Ak-Taban-Shubryndy: Velikie bedstviia i velikie pobedy kazakov, 1927 (Ak-Taban-Shubryndy: The Great Disaster and Great Victory of the Kazaks)

These two works relied heavily on two general sources of data: (one) Russian language scholarship of the nineteenth century, primarily the publications of [Shoqan_Walikhanov|Chokan Valikhanov], Aleksei Levshin, and V. V. Barthold, and (two) informants of oral history, though there has been some scholarship concerning the actual personalities involved in this second process.

Apart from new ethnographic material and archaeologically descriptive pieces of ruins near railway lines, Tynyshpaev’s direct impact on the body of Kazakh historiography was minimal. However, his legacy in Kazakh historiography is gigantic, particularly since the end of the Soviet Union.

References

• Matsuzato, Kimitaka ed. The Geography of Civilizations: A Spatial Analysis of the Kazakh

Intelligentsia's Activities, from the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century. Regions: A Prism to View the Slavic Eurasian World Towards a Discipline of "Regionology." 1998.

• Tynyshpaev, M. "Ak-taban-shubryndy: Velikie bedstvie i velikie pobedy kazakov." In V. V. Bartol'du: Turkestanskie druz'ia ucheniki i pochitateli, edited by A. E. Schmidt and E. K. Betget, 57-68. Tashkent, 1927.
• ———, ed. Izbrannoe. Tangdamaly. (Collected Works) edited by G. Taizhanova. Almaty: Arys, 2001.
• ———. Otzyv o trude A. P. Chuloshnikova po istorii Kazak-kirgizskogo naroda. Kyzyl-Orda: Obshchestvo izucheniia Kazakhstana, 1926.
• ———. Istoriia Kazakhskogo Naroda. (Collected Works) Almaty: Sanat, 2009.
• ———. Materially k istorii Kirgiz kazakskogo naroda. Tashkent: Vostochnoe Otdelevie Kirgiskogo Gosydarstvennogo Izdatel'stva, 1925.

External links

• Tynyshpaev's Ak-taba-shubryndy article, English translation
• Biography of Tynyshpaev, Russian-language