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Noble gas (data page)

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This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus.

Physical properties

Solid

Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, solid at tp (g/dm³)[1] – 1444 1623 2826 3540 –
Crystal structure[2] hcp fcc fcc fcc fcc fcc

Liquid

Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, liquid at bp and 1 atm (g/dm³)[1] 125.0 1207 1393.9 2415 3057 4400
Density, liquid at tp (g/dm³)[1] – 1247 1415 2451 3084 –
Thermal conductivity, liquid at bp (mW m−1 K−1)[1] 31.4 129.7 121.3 88.3 73.2 –
Dielectric constant (liquid)[3][4] 1.055[5] 1.53[6] 1.504 [7] 1.657[8] 1.874 [9] -

Gas

Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (g/dm³)[2] 0.1786 0.9002 1.7818 3.708 5.851 9.97
Thermal conductivity at 0 °C (J s−1 m−1 K−1)[10] 0.1418 0.0461 0.0169 0.00874 0.00506 0.0036[11]
Mean Free Path at STP (nm)[2] 192.66 135.36 68.33 52.34 37.88  –
Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg) [10] 8.61 10.5 33.6 59.4 108.1 230
Magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole)[2] −0.0000019 −0.0000072 −0.0000194 −0.000028 −0.000043 –
Heat capacity, Cp, gas at 1 atm (J mol−1 K−1)[1] 20.78 20.79 20.85 20.95 21.01 21
Sonic velocity at 0 °C and 1 atm (m/s)[1] 973 433 307.8 213 168 –
Thermal conductivity, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (mW m−1 K−1)[1] 141.84 46.07 16.94 8.74 5.06 3.6[11]
Molar refraction (D line, cm3)[12] 0.521 1.004 4.203 6.397 10.435 –
Dielectric constant (gas)[3] 1.0000684[13] 1.00013[14] 1.000516[15] – – –
van der Waals constant a (L2bar/mol2)[3] 0.03412 0.2107 1.345 2.318 4.194 –
van der Waals constant b (L/mol)[3] 0.02370 0.01709 0.03219 0.03978 0.05105 –

Phase changes and critical properties

Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Boiling point (°C)[2] −268.8 −245.9 −185.8 −151.7 −106.6 −61.7
Boiling point (K) 4.15 27.15 87.15 121.2 165.2 211.3
Melting point (°C)[2] − −248.5 −189.6 −157.4 −111.5 −71.0
Critical temperature (K)[2] 5.25 44.5 150.85 209.35 289.74 378.15
Critical pressure (atm)[2] 2.26 26.9 48.3 54.3 57.64 62
Critical density (g/mL)[2] 0.0693 0.484 0.536 0.908 1.100 –
Triple point temperature (K)[1] 2.19[16] 24.562 83.80 115.76 161.37 202
Triple point pressure (kPa)[1] 5.1[16] 43.37 68.90 73.15 81.66 70

Atomic properties

Atomic property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic number[10] 2 10 18 36 54 86
Relative atomic mass[10] 4.002602(2) 20.1797(6) 39.948(1) 83.80(1) 131.29(2) (222)
Number of natural isotopes[10] 2 3 3 6 9 (1)
Outer shell electron configuration[10] 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s24p6 5s25p6 6s26p6
Atomic radius (pm)[2] 130 160 192 198 218  –
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)[10] 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 1037
Static polarizability[2] (Å3) 0.204 0.392 1.63 2.465 4.01 –
Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE) 4.16 4.79 3.24 2.97 2.58 –

Abundance

Abundance Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[17] 2343 2.148 0.1025 5.515 × 10−5 5.391 × 10−6 –
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[18] 5.20 18.20 9340.00 1.10 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10−19
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[10] 3 × 10−3 7 × 10−5 4 × 10−2 – – 1.7 × 10−10

Economic data

Gas 2004 price (USD/m3)[1]
Helium (industrial grade) 4.20–4.90
Helium (laboratory grade) 22.30–44.90
Argon 2.70–8.50
Neon 60–120
Krypton 400–500
Xenon 4000–5000

Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium.[19]

References and notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
  4. ^ Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
  5. ^ at 2.06–2.63 K
  6. ^ at −191 °C
  7. ^ at 87.27K
  8. ^ at 119.80K
  9. ^ at 165.05K
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  11. ^ a b Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
  12. ^ Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485.
  13. ^ <3 × 106 Hz at 140 °C
  14. ^ 106 Hz at 0°C
  15. ^ 1015 Hz at 20°C
  16. ^ a b Lambda point for pure 4He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
  17. ^ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2). The American Astronomical Society: 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  18. ^ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  19. ^ Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.
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