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Northern Qi

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Northern Qi
北齊
550–577
Asia in 565 AD, showing the Northern Qi Dynasty and its neighbors
Asia in 565 AD, showing the Northern Qi Dynasty and its neighbors
CapitalYecheng[1]
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 550–559
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
• 559–560
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi
• 560–561
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi
• 561–565
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
• 565–577
Gao Wei
• 577
Gao Heng
Historical eraNorthern Dynasties
• Established
9 June 550[2] 550
• Gao Wei and Gao Heng's capture by Northern Zhou, usually viewed as disestablishment
28 February 577[3] 577
• Gao Shaoyi's capture by Northern Zhou
27 July 580[4]
Area
5501,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Eastern Wei
Northern Zhou

The Northern Qi (simplified Chinese: 北齐; traditional Chinese: 北齊; pinyin: Běi Qí; Wade–Giles: Pei3-Ch'i2) was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou.

History

Mural painting from the tomb of Kao Yang.
Murals from a tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577 AD) in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, showing a rural hunting scene on horseback

The Chinese state of Northern Qi was the successor state of the Chinese/Xianbei state of Eastern Wei and was founded by Emperor Wenxuan. Emperor Wenxuan had a Han Chinese father Gao Huan, and a Xianbei mother, Lou Zhaojun.[5][6] As Eastern Wei's paramount general Gao Huan was succeeded by his sons Gao Cheng and Gao Yang, who took the throne from Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei in 550 and established Northern Qi as Emperor Wenxuan.

Mural paintings of court life in Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Northern Qi Dynasty, 571 AD, located in Taiyuan, Shanxi province

Northern Qi was the strongest state of the three main Chinese states (the other two being Northern Zhou state and Chen Dynasty) when it was established. Northern Qi however was plagued by violence and/or incompetent emperors (in particular Houzhu),[7] corrupt officials, and deteriorating armies. In 571, an important official who guide the emperors Emperor Wucheng and Houzhu, He Shikai, was killed. Houzhu attempted to strengthen the power of throne, instead he triggered a series of purges that became violent in late 573.[7]

In 577, Northern Qi was assaulted by Northern Zhou, a kingdom with poorer resources.[8] The Northern Qi, with ineffective leadership, quickly disintegrated within a month, with large scale defections of court and military personnel.[9] Both Houzhu and the last emperor Youzhu were captured, and both died in late 577. Emperor Wenxuan's son Gao Shaoyi, the Prince of Fanyang, under protection by Tujue, later declared himself the emperor of Northern Qi in exile, but was turned over by Tujue to Northern Zhou in 580 and exiled to modern Sichuan. It is a matter of dispute whether Gao Shaoyi should properly be considered a Northern Qi emperor, but in any case the year 577 is generally considered by historians as the ending date for Northern Qi.

Emperors

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Born Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Northern Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di (文宣帝 wén xuān dì) Gao Yang (高洋 gāo yáng) 550-559 Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 550-559
Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì) Gao Yin (高殷 gāo yīn) 559-560 Qianming (乾明 qián míng) 560
Xiao Zhao Di (孝昭帝 xiào zhāo dì) Gao Yan (高演 gāo yǎn) 560-561 Huangjian (皇建 huáng jiàn) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wǔ chéng dì) Gao Zhan (高湛 gāo dān) 561-565 Taining (太寧 tài níng) 561-562
Heqing (河清 hé qīng) 562-565
Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) Gao Wei (高緯 gāo wěi) 565-577[10] Tiantong (天統 tiān tǒng) 565-569
Wuping (武平 wǔ píng) 570-576
Longhua (隆化 lóng huà) 576
You Zhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ) Gao Heng (高恆 gāo héng) 577[11][12] Chengguang (承光 chéng guāng) 577

Emperors family tree

Emperors family tree
Gao Huan
高欢 (496-547)
Gao Cheng
高澄 (521-549)		Gao Yang 高洋 (526–559)
Wenxuan
(r. 550-559)		Empress Gao
高皇后		Gao Yan 高演 (535-561)
Xiaozhao
(r. 560-561)		Gao Zhan 高湛 (537–569)
Wucheng
(r. 561-565)		Gao Jie
高湝(?-577)
Gao Changgong
高长恭 d.573
Prince of Lanling 蘭陵王		Gao Yanzong
高延宗 (?-578; r.576)		Gao Yin 高殷 (545-561)
Fei
(r. 559-560)		Gao Shaoyi
高紹義
(b. 546; r.578-580)		Gao Bainian
高百年 556–564		Gao Wei 高緯 (557–577)
Houzhu
(r. 565-577)		Gao Yan
高儼
(558–571)
Gao Heng 高恆 (570–577)
Youzhu
(r. 577)

Northern Qi arts

Left image: Northern Qi jar with Central Asian dancer and musicians, 550-577.[13]
Middle image: Earthenware jar with Central Asian face, Northern Qi 550-577.
Right image: Northern Qi earthenware with multicultural (Egyptian, Greek, Eurasian) motifs, 550-577.[14]

Northern Qi ceramics mark a revival of Chinese ceramic art, following the disastrous invasions and the social chaos of the 4th century.[15] Northern Qi tombs have revealed some beautiful artifacts, such as porcellaneous ware with splashed green designs, previously thought to have been developed under the Tang dynasty.[13]

Markedly unique from earlier depictions of the Buddha, Northern Qi statues tend to be smaller, around three feet tall, and columnar in shape.[16]

Northern Qi Bodhisattva, Changzi-xian, Shanxi, dated 552.

A jar has been found in a Northern Qi tomb, which was closed in 576 CE, and is considered as a precursor of the Tang Sancai style of ceramics.[17]

Also, brown glazed wares designed with Sasanian-style figures have been found in these tombs.[13] These works suggest a strong cosmopolitanism and intense exchanges with Western Asia, which are also visible in metalworks and relief sculptures across China during this period.[13] Cosmopolitanism was therefore already current during the Northern Qi period in the 6th century, even before the advent of the notoriously cosmopolitan Tang dynasty, and was often associated with Buddhism.[13][18]

Identity

Details of the mural painting describes a nobility outing, discovered in the tomb of Ts'ui Fên.

The Northen Qi, although founded by a ruler of mixed Han/Xianbei origin, strongly asserted their Xianbei ethnic cultural identity. They regarded surviving ethnic Tuoba (themselves also Xianbei) and non-Chinese of the Northern Wei court and as well as literati of all ethnicities as near Chinese, referring to them as Haner (漢兒).[9] However they made use of Chinese and sometimes Central Asian courtiers.[19] While some Qi elite families had expressed strongly anti-Chinese sentiments, they may also lay claim to Chinese elite origin.[7] Emperor Wenxuan's father Gao Huan himself, who was reported as having said to his soldiers in the Xianbei language: "The Chinese are your slaves",[20][21] was descended from the Han Chinese Gao family of Bohai (渤海高氏) in what is now modern Hebei.[22] He had became Xianbeified as his family had lived for some time in Inner Mongolia after his grandfather was relocated from Bohai.[23][24]

Religions

A Chinese scholar translated the Buddhist text Nirvana Sutra text into a Turkic language during this era. Some Zoroastrianism influences that went into previous states continued onto the state of Northern Qi court, such as the love for Persian dogs (sacred in Zoroastrianism) as they were taken as pets by nobles and eunuchs. The Chinese utilized a number of Persian artifacts and products.[25]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Qi Dynasty.

Notes

  1. ^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
  2. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 163.
  3. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 173.
  4. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 174.
  5. ^ Lee. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E. M.E. Sharpe. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7656-4182-3.
  6. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee; A.D. Stefanowska; Sue Wiles (26 March 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. pp. 314–. ISBN 978-1-317-47591-0.
  7. ^ a b c Andrew Eisenberg (23 January 2008). Kingship in Early Medieval China. BRILL. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-90-474-3230-2.
  8. ^ Andrew Eisenberg (23 January 2008). Kingship in Early Medieval China. BRILL. p. 93. ISBN 978-90-474-3230-2.
  9. ^ a b Andrew Eisenberg (23 January 2008). Kingship in Early Medieval China. BRILL. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-90-474-3230-2.
  10. ^ Gao Wei's cousin Gao Yanzong the Prince of Ande (Gao Cheng's son) briefly declared himself emperor around the new year 577 after the soldiers guarding the city of Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) demanded that he claim the title when Gao Wei abandoned Jinyang. Gao Yanzong, however, was almost immediately defeated and captured by Northern Zhou troops, and therefore is generally not considered a true Northern Qi emperor.
  11. ^ In 577, Gao Wei, then with the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor), tried to issue an edict on his son's behalf yielding the throne to his uncle (Gao Huan's son) Gao Jie (高湝) the Prince of Rencheng, but the officials he sent to deliver the edict to Gao Jie surrendered to Northern Zhou rather than delivering the edict to Gao Jie, who was subsequently also captured by Northern Zhou troops. It is questionable whether Gao Jie was even aware of the edict, and in any case, Gao Jie never used imperial title.
  12. ^ As noted above, Emperor Wenxuan's son Gao Shaoyi tried to establish a Northern Qi court in exile on Tujue's territory, but was not successful in his efforts in recapturing formerly Northern Qi territory, and was eventually turned over by Tujue to Northern Zhou. Most historians do not consider him a true Northern Qi emperor, although the matter remains in controversy.
  13. ^ a b c d e The arts of China by Michael Sullivan p.120
  14. ^ Notice of the Metropolitan Museum of Art permanent exhibition.
  15. ^ The arts of China by Michael Sullivan p.19ff
  16. ^ Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection. [Birmingham, Ala]: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5.
  17. ^ Chinese glazes: their origins, chemistry, and recreation by Nigel Wood p.200
  18. ^ China between empires: the northern and southern dynasties by Mark Edward Lewis p.168
  19. ^ Andrew Eisenberg (1 January 2008). Kingship in Early Medieval China. BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 90-04-16381-6.
  20. ^ Prof. Albert Dien. "THE STIRRUP AND ITS EFFECT ON CHINESE MILITARY HISTORY".
  21. ^ Albert E. Dien (2007). Six Dynasties Civilization. Yale University Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 0-300-07404-2.
  22. ^ Victor Cunrui Xiong (4 December 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Scarecrow Press. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6258-6.
  23. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee; A.D. Stefanowska; Sue Wiles (26 March 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. pp. 314–. ISBN 978-1-317-47591-0.
  24. ^ Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E. M.E. Sharpe. 2007. pp. 314–. ISBN 978-0-7656-4182-3.
  25. ^ Cunren Liu (1976). Angela Schottenhammer (ed.). Selected papers from the Hall of harmonious wind. Brill Archive. p. 14. ISBN 90-04-04492-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

References

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