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{{Short description|Founding khan of Later Jin}}
{{family name hatnote|Nurhaci|[[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin-Gioro]]|lang=Manchu}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed        = 
| name         = Nurhaci<br/>{{nobold|努爾哈赤}}
| title        = Khan of Great Jin
| type         = 
| image        = 清 佚名 《清太祖天命皇帝朝服像》.jpg
| image_size   = 200px
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]
| reign        = 17 February 1616 – 30 September 1626
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = 
| successor    = [[Hong Taiji]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1559|5|14|df=yes}}<br>(嘉靖三十八年 四月 初八日)
| birth_place  = [[Hetu Ala]], [[Manchuria under Ming rule|Manchuria]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1626|9|30|1559|5|14|df=yes}}<br>(天命十一年 八月 十一日)
| death_place  = Aijipu, [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]
| burial_place = [[Fuling Mausoleum|Fu Mausoleum]]
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Consort Yuan|1577|1592|end=d}}
*{{marriage|Consort Ji|1585|1620|end=d}}
*{{Marriage|[[Empress Xiaocigao (Qing dynasty)|Empress Xiaocigao]]|1588|1603|end=d}}
*{{Marriage|[[Lady Abahai|Empress Xiaoliewu]]|1601}}
}}
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Cuyen]]
*[[Daišan]], [[Prince Li (禮)|Prince Lilie of the First Rank]]
*[[Manggūltai]]
*[[Abatai]], [[Prince An|Prince Raoyumin of the First Rank]]
*[[Hong Taiji]]
*[[Ajige]], [[Prince Ying (英)|Prince Ying of the First Rank]]
*[[Laimbu]]
*[[Dorgon]], [[Prince Rui (睿)|Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank]]
*[[Dodo, Prince Yu|Dodo]], [[Prince Yu (豫)|Prince Yutong of the First Rank]]
}}
| issue-link   = 
| issue-pipe   = 
| issue-type   = 
| full name    = Aisin-Gioro Nurhaci (愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊)<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Nurgaci ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ|style=height:4.0em;word-wrap:not normal}})<br>[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Нурхач ({{MongolUnicode|ᠨᠤᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ<!-- http://trans.mglip.com/ -->|style=height:4em;word-wrap:not normal}})
| era name     = 
| era dates    = Tianming (天命): 14 May 1616 – 15 February 1627<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Abkai fulingga ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ|style=height:4em;word-wrap:not normal}})<br>[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт ({{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠲᠦ<!-- http://trans.mglip.com/ -->|style=height:4em;word-wrap:not normal}})
| regnal name  = Emperor Fuyu Lieguo Yingming (覆育列國英明皇帝)
| posthumous name = '''Emperor''' Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye '''Gao''' (承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業'''高皇帝''')<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Dergi hūwangdi ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ <br>ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ}})
| temple name  = Taizu (太祖)<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Taidzu ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ}})
| house        = [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin-Gioro]]
| dynasty      = [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]
| house-type   = 
| father       = [[Taksi]]
| mother       = Empress Xuan
| religion     = 
| signature_type = 
| signature    = 
| module       = 
}}
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}
'''Nurhaci''' (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his [[temple name]] as the '''Emperor Taizu of Qing''', was the founding khan of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=_博、任吉_ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bmNDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A3%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%A5&pg=PT56 |title=大清盛世 |publisher=飛翔時代 |language=zh}}</ref>

As the leader of the [[House of Aisin-Gioro]], Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later "[[Manchu people|Manchu]]"), consolidated the [[Eight Banners]] military system, and eventually launched attacks on both the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Joseon]] dynasties. His conquest of Ming dynasty's northeastern [[Liaodong]] region laid the groundwork for the [[Qing conquest of the Ming]] by his descendants, who proclaimed the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the [[Manchu language]] based on the [[Mongolian script|Mongolian vertical script]].

==Name and titles==
Nurhaci is written as {{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ}} in [[Manchu language]]. Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of a wild boar".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tak-sing, Kam|title=The Romanization of Early Manchu Regnal Names|journal=Studia Orientalia|volume=87|year=1999|pages=133–148|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/45155}}</ref> Another explanation is "brave person like wild boar".<ref>{{cite web |title=What does Nurhachi's name mean in Chinese |date=8 July 2020 |url=https://daydaynews.cc/en/history/655702.html |publisher=满族文化网 Manchu Culture Network}}</ref> Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary [[temple name]] of ''Taizu'', which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled ''Nurgaci'', ''Nurhachi'', or ''Nu-er-ha-chi'' (the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name).

Nurhaci was the last chieftain of the [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] and first khan of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was {{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ<br />ᡠᠵᡳᡵᡝ<br />ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ<br />ᡥᠠᠨ}} ''Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han'' ("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His [[Chinese era name|era name]] was Tianming ({{zh|c=天命|w=T'ien-ming}}; [[Manchu language|Manchu]]:{{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ<br />ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ }}''Abkai Fulingga''), in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] "{{lang|mn|Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт}}" (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means "[[Mandate of Heaven|Heaven's Mandate]]." He was given a [[posthumous name]] in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao" {{zh|c=高皇帝}}, [[Manchu language|Manchu]]:{{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ<br />ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ }}''Dergi Hūwangdi'')

==Early life==
Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from [[Mentemu]], a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The young man grew up as a soldier in the household of the Ming dynasty general [[Li Chengliang]] in [[Fushun]], where he learned [[Mandarin Chinese]], the official language of the courts. Nurhaci read the Chinese novels ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' and ''[[Water Margin]]'' learning all he knew about Chinese military and political strategies from them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Geoffrey |title=Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century |date=2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300189193 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjdDP15N4FkC&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT801}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Swope |first1=Kenneth M. |title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134462094 |page=16 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Victor H. |last2=Chen |first2=Sanping |last3=Wood |first3=Frances |title=Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0500771471 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159}}</ref> He named his clan [[Aisin Gioro]] around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty.

Nurhaci's grandfather [[Giocangga]] was a chieftain of the Jurchens in [[Hetu Ala]] who enjoyed the patronage of Li.{{sfn|Li|2002|p=25}} He frequented the Fushun market as official delegation leader, and accompanied Li to Beijing at least once.{{sfn|Crossley|1997|p=51}} In 1582, [[Nikan Wailan]], a rival Jurchen chief, led Ming forces to attack the Fort Gure (古勒城, now in [[Xinbin County]]). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into the city, taking Nurhaci's father [[Taksi]] with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed.{{sfn|Li|2002|p=25}}

Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father.{{sfn|Li|2002|pp=27–29}} In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately.

Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in the following years and subdued the core [[Jianzhou Jurchen]] tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588.{{sfn|Li|2002|pp=27–29}} At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to Beijing from 1590 onward,{{sfn|Li|2002|pp=29–30}} and was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him.{{sfn|Jerr|2017|p=152}}

==Unifying the Jurchen tribes==
{{main|Jurchen unification}}

{{see also|Timeline of the Jurchens}}
In 1593, the [[Clan Nara|Yehe]] called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa, [[Khorchin Mongols]], [[Sibe people|Sibe]], Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious.{{sfn|Narangoa|2014|p=24}}

From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on a campaign against the four [[Hulun (alliance)|Hulun]] tribes. He began by attacking the Hada in 1599 and conquering them in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was also conquered with the death of its beile [[Baindari]], followed by an expedition against Ula and its ''beile'' [[Bujantai]] in 1613, and finally the Yehe and its beile [[Gintaisi]] at the [[Battle of Sarhu]] in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating the land or gathering [[ginseng]], one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary.{{sfn|Li|2002|p=31}}

In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci,<ref>Matsumura Jun, p.131 ''A Re-examinations of the Story of the Founding of the Ch'ing Dynasty 『清朝開国説話再考』(in Japanese)</ref> the task of creating a [[Manchu alphabet]] by adapting the [[Mongolian script]]. Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641) a Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Pei |title=New Light on The Origins of The Manchus |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |date=1990 |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=269 |doi=10.2307/2719229 |jstor=2719229 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807074339/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719229 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |access-date=2020-11-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols.

In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself [[Khan (title)|Khan]] and founded the Jin dynasty (''aisin gurun''), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the ''earlier'' Jurchen [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] of the 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son [[Hong Taiji]] after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty.

In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors, [[Anfiyanggū]], [[Eidu]], Hūrhan, [[Fiongdon]], and Hohori.

Only after he became Khan did he finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort [[Lady Abahai]], mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort [[Empress Xiaocigao (Qing dynasty)|Monggo Jerjer]].

Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols for political reasons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perdue|first=Peter C|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA127|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04202-5|page=127}}</ref> Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA31|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24334-6|page=31}}</ref>

When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sneath |first1=David |title=The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231511674 |pages=99–100 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113}}</ref> The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crossley |first1=Pamela Kyle |title=Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691008779 |page=33 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUTE8V-WhwoC&pg=PA33}}</ref>

==Invasion of Ming dynasty==
{{see also|Transition from Ming to Qing}}[[File:Minggunbattle.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|left|At the [[Battle of Sarhu]] Nurhaci defeated a four-pronged Chinese offensive intended to capture his capital of Hetu Ala by concentrating his forces in one column at a time.]]

In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the [[Seven Grievances]] in which he enumerated seven problems with Ming rule and began to rebel against the domination of the [[Ming dynasty]]. A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favouritism of Yehe.

Nurhaci led many successful engagements against the Ming dynasty, the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]], the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]], and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control.

The first capitals of the Later Jin dynasty established by Nurhaci were Fe Ala and Hetu Ala.<ref name="Wakeman1985 3">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=fe+ala+capital&pg=PA45|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=45–}}</ref><ref name="Li2010">{{cite book |author=Gertraude Roth Li|title=Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bArr1-E5mQC&q=fe+ala+capital&pg=PA285|year=2010|publisher=Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr|isbn=978-0-9800459-5-6 |pages=285–}}</ref><ref name="SpenceJr.1979">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan D. Spence|author2=John E. Wills, Jr.|title=From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riPEes0xs-YC&q=fe+ala+capital&pg=PA35|year=1979|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-02672-6|pages=35–}}</ref><ref name="Elliott2001">{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliott |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA54|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=54–}}</ref><ref name="ECCP_Nurhaci" /> Many ethnic Han participated in the construction of Hetu Ala.<ref name="Wakeman1985 1">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA47|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=47–}}</ref>

Defectors from the Ming side played a massive role in the [[Qing conquest of the Ming]]. Ming generals who defected to the Manchus were often married to women from the Aisin Gioro clan while lower-ranked defectors were given non-imperial Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci arranged for a marriage between one of his granddaughters and the Ming general [[Li Yongfang]] ([[w:zh:李永芳|李永芳]]) after Li surrendered [[Fushun]] in [[Liaoning]] to the Manchus in 1618 as the result of the [[Battle of Fushun]].<ref name="Walthall2008">{{cite book|author=Anne Walthall|title=Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History|isbn=978-0-520-25444-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&q=To+win+the+support+and+cooperation+of+Ming+generals+in+Liaodong%2C+Nurhaci+gave+them+Aisin+Gioro+women+as+wives.+In+1618%2C+before+he+attacked+Fushun+city%2C+he+promised+the+Ming+general+defending+the+city+a+woman+from+the+Aisin+Gioro+clan&pg=PA148|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press |pages=148–}}</ref><ref name="Wakeman1977">{{cite book|first=Frederic|last=Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|year=1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&q=Li+was+made+a+banner+general%2C+was+given+gifts+of+slaves+and+serfs%2C+and+was+betrothed+to+a+young+woman+of+the+Aisin+Gioro+clan.+Although+Li%27s+surrender+at+the+time+was+exceptional%2C+his+integration+into+the+Manchu+elite+was+only+the+first&pg=PA79|pages=79–}}</ref><ref name="Swope2014">{{cite book |author=Kenneth M. Swope|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=li+yongfang+granddaughter&pg=PA13|year=2014 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46209-4|pages=13–}}</ref><ref name="Wakeman1985 2">{{cite book |author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=li+yongfang+granddaughter&pg=PA61|year=1985|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1 |pages=61–}}</ref><ref name="Elliott2001 2">{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliott|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&q=li+yongfang+granddaughter&pg=PA76|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=76–}}</ref> His son [[Abatai]]'s daughter was married to Li Yongfang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=李永芳将军的简介 李永芳的后代 |language=zh |trans-title=Introduction of General Li Yongfang Li Yongfang's Descendants |date=2015-12-28|website=www.lishiquwen.com |url=http://www.lishiquwen.com/news/7356.html|access-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203055230/http://www.lishiquwen.com/news/7356.html |archive-date=2017-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html |author=曹德全 |title=首个投降后金的明将李永芳 |language=zh |trans-title=The first surrender of gold after the Ming Dynasty Li Yongfang |date=2014-03-22 |access-date=2016-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007063611/http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.75800.com.cn/lx2/pAjRqK/9N6KahmKbgWLa1mRb1iyc_.html |title=第一个投降满清的明朝将领李寻仙jg用什么战宠永芳结局如何？|language=zh |trans-title=What did Li Xunxian, the first general of the Ming Dynasty to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, used to favor Yongfang? |website=中国历史网 |access-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091128/http://www.75800.com.cn/lx2/pAjRqK/9N6KahmKbgWLa1mRb1iyc_.html |archive-date=2016-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://read01.com/aP055D.html|title=第一個投降滿清的明朝將領結局如何？}}</ref> The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" ({{zh|c=三等子爵|p=sān děng zǐjué|labels=no}}) title.<ref name="Rawski1998">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski |title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions |url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|url-access=registration|year=1998 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/72 72–]}}</ref> Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao ([[w:zh:李侍堯|李侍堯]]).<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Li Shih-yao}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=李奉尧（？–1789）汉军镶黄旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孙也，清朝大臣。父元亮，官户部尚书，谥勤恪，李侍尧之弟。自官 |url=http://12103081.wenhua.danyy.com/library1210shtml30810106630060.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007061435/http://12103081.wenhua.danyy.com/library1210shtml30810106630060.html |archive-date=2016-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Battle of Liaoyang1621.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Nurhaci captured Liaoyang in 1621 and made it the capital of his empire until 1625.]]

The Han prisoner of war Gong Zhenglu (Onoi) was appointed to instruct Nurhaci's sons and received gifts of slaves, wives, and a domicile from Nurhaci after Nurhaci rejected offers of payment to release him back to his relatives.<ref name="Crossley2000">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA101|year= 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=101–}}</ref>

Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated poorly while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong.

By May 1621, Nurhaci had conquered the cities of [[Liaoyang]] and [[Shenyang]]. In April 1625, he designated Shenyang the new capital city, which would hold that status until the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644.<ref name="ECCP_Nurhaci">{{cite ECCP|title=Nurhaci}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[Image:Mukden palace Dazheng Hall.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|In 1621, Nurhaci started the construction of a new palace, the [[Mukden Palace]], for his Later Jin dynasty's capital of Mukden (now [[Shenyang]]).]]
In 1626, Nurhaci was defeated by Ming general [[Yuan Chonghuan]] at the [[Battle of Ningyuan]], in what was the first serious military defeat of his life. During this battle, Nurhaci was wounded by [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] gunners using [[Gonçalo Teixeira Correia|Macau manufactured cannons]] placed in Yuan's army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boxer |first=C. R. (Charles Ralph) |url=http://archive.org/details/expedicoesmilita00boxe |title=Expedições Militares Portuguêsas em Auxílio Mings Contra os Manchus, 1621-1647 |date=1937 |publisher=Macau, China, Escola tipográfica salesiana |others=Duke University Libraries}}</ref> Unable to recover either physically or mentally, Nurhaci died of his wounds two days later in Aijipu (靉雞堡; present-day Da'aijinpu Village, Dijia Township, [[Yuhong District]], [[Shenyang]]) on 30 September 1626, at the age of 67. His tomb, [[Fuling Mausoleum|Fu Mausoleum]] ({{zh|c={{linktext|福|陵}}|p=Fúlíng}}), is located east of Shenyang.

Among the most lasting contributions Nurhaci left his descendants was the establishment of the [[Eight Banners]], which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing Empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under the control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother [[Šurhaci]] until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Šurhaci's two sons, Chiurhala and Amin. Nurhaci's eldest son, [[Cuyen]], controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign until he rebelled. Then the Bordered White Banner was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir, [[Hong Taiji]]. However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son [[Daišan]]. Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Bordered Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daišan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into the end of Hong Taiji's reign.

[[File:Battle of Ningyuan.png|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Battle of Ningyuan in which Nurhaci was wounded and died]]
The details of Hong Taiji's succession as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty are unclear.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2002|p=52}}.</ref> When he died in late 1626, Nurhaci did not designate an heir; instead he encouraged his sons to rule collegially.{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=157}} Three of his sons and a nephew were the "four senior beiles": [[Daišan]] (43 years old), [[Amin (Qing dynasty)|Amin]] (son of Nurhaci's brother [[Šurhaci]]; 40 or 41), [[Manggūltai]] (38 or 39), and Hong Taiji himself (33).{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=158}} On the day after Nurhaci's death, they coerced his primary consort [[Lady Abahai]] (1590&ndash;1626) &ndash; who had borne him three sons: [[Ajige]], [[Dorgon]], and [[Dodo, Prince Yu|Dodo]] &ndash; to commit suicide to accompany him in death.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2002|p=51}}.</ref> This gesture has made some historians suspect that Nurhaci had in fact named the fifteen-year-old Dorgon as a successor, with Daišan as regent.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2002|p=52}}, note 127, citing {{harvnb|Fuchs|1935}}.</ref> By forcing Dorgon's mother to kill herself, the princes removed a strong base of support for Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and Dodo, who were the sons of Lady Abahai. Hong Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

According to Hong Taiji's later recollections, Amin and the other ''beile'' were willing to accept Hong Taiji as Khan, but Amin then would have wanted to leave with his Bordered Blue Banner, threatening to dissolve Nurhaci's [[Jurchen unification|unification of the Jurchens]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|pp=158–160}} Eventually the older Daišan worked out a compromise that allowed Hong Taiji as the Khan, but almost equal to the other three senior beiles.{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=160}} Hong Taiji would eventually find ways to become the undisputed leader.

The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu by Hong Taiji was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese.<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Abahai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grossnick |first1=Roy A. |title=Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials |date=1972 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpdRAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1635,+doubtless+on+the+advice+of+his+Chinese+councilors,+Abahai+forbade+the+use+of+the+names,}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Till |first1=Barry |title=The Manchu era (1644-1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty |date=2004 |publisher=Art Gallery of Greater Victoria |page=5 |isbn=9780888852168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUVJAQAAIAAJ&q=In+1635,+doubtless+on+the+advice+of+his+Chinese+councilors,+Abahai+forbade+the+use+of+the+names,}}</ref> The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of "''Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu''" and the "''Manzhou Shilu Tu''" (Taizu Shihlu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty.<ref name="ECCP_Nurhaci" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Augustan, Volumes 17-20 |date=1975 |publisher=Augustan Society |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oh9ZAAAAMAAJ&q=They+reveal+the+real+origin+of+the+Aisin+Gioro+family}}</ref> In the Ming period, the Koreans of [[Joseon]] referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, as part of Ming China, which they called the "superior country" (sangguk).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sun Joo |title=The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture |date=2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295802176 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcYthUKyeS0C&pg=PA19}}</ref>

== Translations of Chinese texts ==
The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the ''[[Six Secret Teachings]]'' ({{lang|zh|六韜}}), ''Sushu'' [[w:zh:素書|素書]], and ''[[Three Strategies of Huang Shigong]]'' ({{lang|zh|三略}}), all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work [[The Art of War]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQUOAQAAMAAJ |title=Early China |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China |year=1975 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durrant |first1=Stephen |date=1977 |title=Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts |journal=Early China |volume=3 |page=53 |doi=10.1017/S0362502800006623 |jstor=23351361 |s2cid=191822020}}</ref> The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai.<ref name="Chan2009">{{cite book |last=Chan |first=Sin-wai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKUG4HbPV0EC&pg=PA60 |title=A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004 |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-962-996-355-2 |page=60}}</ref>

Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai.<ref name="Perdue2009">{{cite book |last=Perdue |first=Peter C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA122 |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-04202-5 |page=122}}</ref> These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci.{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA44 44]}} The military text ''[[Wuzi]]'' was translated into Manchu along with ''[[The Art of War]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBtYAAAAMAAJ |title=Early China |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China |year=1977 |page=53}}</ref>

Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of [[Hong Taiji]] in Mukden (now [[Shenyang]]), with the Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts.<ref name="Salmon2013">{{cite book |last=Salmon |first=Claudine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdT3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th–20th Centuries) |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2013 |isbn=978-981-4414-32-6 |page=94 |author-link=Claudine Salmon}}</ref> A Manchu translation was made of the military-themed novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chiu |first=Elena Suet-Ying |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEtvgAACAAJ |title=Bannermen Tales (Zidishu): Manchu Storytelling and Cultural Hybridity in the Qing Dynasty |publisher=Harvard University, Asia Center |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-674-97519-4 |page=25 |author-link=Elena Suet-Ying Chiu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew West (linguist) |title=The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation |url=http://www.babelstone.co.uk/SanguoYanyi/TextualHistory/Manchu.html |access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni.<ref name="Hummel1991">{{cite book |last=Hummel |first=Arthur W. Sr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqNHAQAAIAAJ |title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912 |publisher=SMC publ. |year=1991 |isbn=978-957-638-066-2 |page=vi |author-link=Arthur W. Hummel Sr.}}</ref> The translations were ordered in 1629.{{sfn|Ko|1855|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR36 36]}}

The translation of the military texts ''Sushu'' and ''Three Strategies of Huang Shigong'', and the Da Ming Huidian ({{lang|zh-hant|大明會典}}) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci.<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Dahai}}</ref> While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of the ''Three Strategies of Huang Shigong'' and the ''Sushu'', military science was indeed found in the ''Six Secret Teachings'' and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus. They were also attracted to the military content in ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', which is why it was translated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durrant |first1=Stephen |date=October 1979 |title=Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=653–661 |doi=10.2307/601450 |jstor=601450}}</ref> ''The Art of War'' was translated into Manchu as {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ<br/>ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ<br/>ᠪᡝ<br/>ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ}} Abkai: qoohai baita be gisurengge,{{sfn|Ko|1855|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR39 39]}} [[Transliterations of Manchu|Möllendorff]]: coohai baita be gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War.<ref name="Shanghai1890">{{cite book |author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVkDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=Kelly & Walsh. |year=1890 |page=40}}</ref> Another later Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying.<ref>{{cite web |author=Victor H. Mair |date=February 2008 |title=''Soldierly Methods'': Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of ''Sun Zi bingfa'' |url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp178_art_of_war.pdf |work=Dino–Platonic Papers |page=82 |id=Number 178}}</ref>

==Primary sources==
Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the ''Manchu Veritable Records'' ({{zh|p=Mǎnzhōu Shílù|c=滿洲實錄}}; [[Manchu language|Manchu]]:{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ  ᡳ<br>ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br>ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ}}, [[Transliterations of Manchu|Möllendorff]]: manju-i yargiyan kooli). Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the ''[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]'' ({{zh|c=朝鮮王朝實錄}}), especially the ''[[Seonjo of Joseon|Seonjo]] Sillok'' and the ''[[Gwanghaegun of Joseon|Gwanghaegun]] Ilgi''. Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the ''Seonjo Sillok''.

The ''[[Jiu Manzhou Dang]]'' from Nurhaci's reign also survives. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the [[Qianlong Emperor]]. This has been translated into Japanese under the title ''Manbun roto'', and Chinese, under the title ''[[Manwen Laodang]]'' ({{zh|c=满文老檔}}). A project is or was (as of 2006<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-08 |title=The Old Manchu Chronicles |url=https://www.manchustudiesgroup.org/translations/lao-manwen-dang/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Manchu Studies Group |language=en-US}}</ref>) under way at [[Harvard University]] to translate them into English, as ''The Old Manchu Chronicles''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manchu Studies at Harvard|url=http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~mnch210a/index.cgi?t=TOMCIndex|website=sites.fas.harvard.edu|access-date=2017-09-27|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013013251/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~mnch210a/index.cgi?t=TOMCIndex|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Physical appearance==

According to the account of Korean ambassadors, Nurhaci was a physically strong man with a long and stern-looking face and a big, straight nose. Like most of the other Manchu men, he shaved most of his facial hair and kept only his [[moustache]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Family ==
'''Primary Consort'''

* '''Consort Yuan''' (元妃) of the [[Tunggiya|Tunggiya clan]] (佟佳氏; 1560–1592), personal name '''Hahana Jacing''' (哈哈納扎青)
** '''[[Lady Nenzhe|Nenzhe]]''' (嫩哲), Princess '''Duanzhuang''' of the First Rank (端莊固倫公主; 8 April 1578 – August/September 1652), first daughter
*** Married Hohori (何和禮; 1561–1624) of the Manchu [[Donggo|Donggo clan]] in 1588 and had issue ( two sons)
** '''[[Cuyen]]''' (褚英), Prince '''Guanglüe''' of the Third Rank (廣略貝勒; 1580 – 14 October 1615), first son
** '''[[Daišan]]''' (代善), [[Prince Li (禮)|Prince '''Lilie''' of the First Rank]] (禮烈親王; 19 August 1583 – 25 November 1648), second son
* '''Consort Ji''' (继妃) of the [[Fuca (clan)|Fuca clan]] (富察氏; ? – 1620), personal name '''Gundei''' (袞代)
** '''[[Manggūltai]]''' (莽古爾泰), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 1587 – 11 January 1633), fifth son
** '''Mangguji''' (莽古濟; 1590 – January/February 1636), third daughter
*** Married Urgūdai (吳爾古代) of the Manchu [[Nara clan#Hada Nara|Hada-Nara clan]] in February/March 1601
*** Married Sodnom Dügüreng (索諾木杜棱; ? – 1644) of the [[Aohans|Aohan Borjigin clan]] in 1627
** '''Degelei''' (德格類), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 10 January 1597 – 11 November 1635), 10th son
* '''[[Empress Xiaocigao (Qing dynasty)|Empress Xiaocigao]]''' (孝慈高皇后) of the [[Yehe Nara clan|Yehe-Nara clan]] (葉赫那拉氏; 1575 – 31 October 1603), personal name '''Monggo Jerjer''' (孟古哲哲)
** '''[[Hong Taiji]]''' (皇太極), '''Emperor Taizong''' (太宗; 28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), eighth son
* [[Lady Abahai|'''Empress Xiaoliewu''']] (孝烈武皇后) of the [[Nara clan#Ula Nara|Ula-Nara clan]] (烏拉那拉氏; 1590 – 1 October 1626), personal name '''Abahai''' (阿巴亥)
** '''[[Ajige]]''' (阿濟格), [[Prince Ying (英)|Prince '''Ying''' of the First Rank]] (英親王; 28 August 1605 – 28 November 1651), 12th son
** '''[[Dorgon]]''' (多爾袞), [[Prince Rui (睿)|Prince '''Ruizhong''' of the First Rank]] (睿忠親王; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), 14th son
** [[Dodo, Prince Yu|'''Dodo''']] (多鐸), [[Prince Yu (豫)|Prince '''Yutong''' of the First Rank]] (豫通親王; 2 April 1614 – 29 April 1649), 15th son

'''Secondary Consort'''

* '''Consort Shoukang''' (壽康妃) of the [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] (博爾濟吉特氏; 1599 – 21 January 1666)
* '''Secondary Consort''' (側妃) of the [[Nara clan#Hada Nara|Hada-Nara clan]] (哈達那拉氏), personal name '''Amin Jerjer''' (阿敏哲哲)
* '''Secondary Consort''' (側妃) of the [[Irgen Gioro|Irgen-Gioro clan]] (伊爾根覺羅氏)
** '''Yanzhe''' (顏哲), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1587 – August/September 1646), second daughter
*** Married Yilaka (伊拉喀)
*** Married Darhan (達爾漢; 1590–1644) of the Manchu [[Gorolo|Gorolo clan]]
** '''[[Abatai]]''' (阿巴泰), [[Prince An|Prince '''Raoyumin''' of the First Rank]] (饒余敏親王; 27 July 1589 – 10 May 1646), seventh son
* '''Secondary Consort''' (側妃) of the [[Nara clan#Yehe Nara|Yehe-Nara clan]] (葉赫那拉氏), personal name '''Nanakun''' (納納昆)
** '''Songgutu''' (松古圖), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 28 December 1612 – March/April 1646), eighth daughter
*** Married Gürbüshi (古爾布什; ? – 1661) of the [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] on 22 February 1625
* '''Secondary Consort''' (側妃) of the [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] (博爾濟吉特氏; ? – March/April 1644)

'''Concubine'''

* '''Mistress''' (格格) of the [[Joogiya|Joogiya clan]] (兆佳氏)
** '''Abai''' (阿拜), Duke '''Qinmin''' of the First Rank (鎮國勤敏公; 8 September 1585 – 14 March 1648), third son
* '''Mistress''' (格格) of the [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]] (鈕祜祿氏)
** '''Tanggūdai''' (湯古代), General '''Kejie''' of the First Rank (鎮國克潔將軍; 24 December 1585 – 3 November 1640), fourth son
** '''Tabai''' (塔拜), Duke '''Quehou''' of the Second Rank (輔國愨厚公; 2 April 1589 – 6 September 1639), sixth son
* '''Mistress''' (格格) of the Giyamuhut-Gioro clan (嘉穆瑚覺羅氏), personal name '''Zhenge''' (真哥)
** '''Babutai''' (巴布泰), Duke '''Kexi''' of the First Rank (鎮國恪僖公; 13 December 1592 – 27 February 1655), ninth son
** '''[[Mukushen]]''' (穆庫什), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1595 – June/July 1659), fourth daughter
*** Married [[Bujantai]] (布佔泰; ? – 1618) of the Manchu [[Nara clan#Ula Nara|Ula-Nara clan]] in 1608 and had issue (three sons)
*** Married [[Eidu]] (額亦都; 1562–1622) of the Manchu [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]] and had issue (two sons, one daughter)
*** Married Turgei (圖爾格; 1594–1645) of the Manchu [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]]
** '''Babuhai''' (巴布海), General of the First Rank (鎮國將軍; 15 January 1597 – September/October 1643), 11th son
** ''Fifth daughter'' (1597–1613)
*** Married Daki (達啟) of the Manchu [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]] in 1608
** ''Sixth daughter'' (1600 – October/November 1646)
*** Married Suna (蘇納; ? – 1648) of the Manchu [[Yehe Nara clan|Yehe-Nara clan]] in 1613 and had issue (1 son)
* '''Mistress''' (格格) of the [[Irgen Gioro|Irgen-Gioro clan]] (伊爾根覺羅氏)
** Lady of the Third Rank (鄉君; 8 April 1604 – July/August 1685), seventh daughter
*** Married Ezhayi (鄂札伊; ? – 1641) of the Manchu [[Nara clan]] in November/December 1619
* '''Mistress''' (格格) of the [[Sirin Gioro|Sirin-Gioro clan]] (西林覺羅氏)
** '''[[Laimbu]]''' (賴慕布), Duke '''Jiezhi''' of the Second Rank (輔國介直公; 26 January 1612 – 23 June 1646), 13th son
* '''Mistress''' (格格), personal name '''Daiyinzha''' (代因扎)
** '''Fiyanggū''' (費揚果; October/November 1620 – 1640), 16th son

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel | align = center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = Nurhaci (1559–1626)
| 2 = [[Taksi]] (1543–1583)
| 3 = Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
| 4 = [[Giocangga]] (1526–1583)
| 5 = Empress Yi
| 6 = Agu
| 8 = [[Fuman]]
| 9 = Empress Zhi
| 12 = Cancha
| 16 = [[Sibeoci Fiyanggū]]
| 18 = Douliji
| 24 = Douliji
}}

==In popular culture==
* In the opening scene of the 1984 film ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] trades the remains of Nurhaci (contained in a small, ornate jade [[urn]]) for a diamond owned by Shanghai mobster Lao Che. In the film novelization Lao Che claimed to be a descendant of Nurhaci.
* The 2005 television series ''[[Taizu Mishi]]'' focused on the life of Nurhaci. He was portrayed by [[Steve Ma]].
* Nurhaci was portrayed by Jing Gangshan in the 2017 television series ''[[Rule the World (TV series)|Rule The World]].''

==Science==
The genus ''[[Nurhachius]]'', a pterodactyloid pterosaur, is named after Nurhaci.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Nurhaci}}
* [[Chinese emperors family tree (late)]]
* [[Darughachi]]
* [[Li Chengliang]]
* [[Qing conquest of the Ming]]
* [[List of Buddha claimants]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crossley |first1=Pamela Kyle |title=The Manchus |date=1997 |place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |isbn=9780631235910}}
* {{citation|last=Fuchs|first=Walter|title=Der Tod der Kaiserin Abahai i. J. 1626. Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Opfertodes (殉死) bei den Mandju [The death of empress Abahai in 1626: a contribution to the question of sacrificial death among the Manchus]|journal=Monumenta Serica|volume=1|issue=1|year=1935|pages=71–81|doi=10.1080/02549948.1935.11744911}}.
* {{cite book|last=Ko|first=Shou-p'ing Wu|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ|year=1855}}<br />{{cite book |title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language |place=Shanghae |publisher=London Mission Press |year=1855 |url=http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b31043252.pdf |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2014-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903220030/http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b31043252.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|first=Li|last=Narangoa|title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia|year=2014|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231160704}}
* {{citation|last=Li|first=Gertraude Roth|chapter=State Building before 1644|editor-first=Willard J. |editor-last=Peterson|title=Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=9–72|isbn=0-521-24334-3}}.
* {{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|edition=reprint|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC|isbn=978-0674042025|access-date=10 March 2014}}
* {{Cite book|first=Willard J.|last=Peterson|title=the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-24334-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C}}
* {{cite book|last=Wakeman|first=Frederic|author-link=Frederic Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China|year=1985|place=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1}} In two volumes.
* {{cite book|last=Jerr|first=Nicole|title=The Scaffolding of Sovereignty: Global and Aesthetic Perspectives on the History of a Concept|year=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* {{cite ECCP|title=Nurhaci}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Aisin-Gioro|House of Aisin-Gioro]]||1558|30 September|1626}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Taksi]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Jurchen chieftains|Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens]]|years=1583–1616}}
{{S-non|reason=Position abolished<br>[[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] was established in 1616}}
|-
{{S-new|reason=[[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] was established in 1616}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Khan (title)|Khan]] of [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]|years=1616–1626}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Hong Taiji]]}}
{{end}}

{{Qing emperors}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1559 births]]
[[Category:1626 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese monarchs]]
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
[[Category:People from Mudanjiang]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty rebels]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
[[Category:Nurhaci| ]]