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Eastern glass lizard

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Eastern glass lizard
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Anguidae
Genus: Ophisaurus
Species:
O. ventralis
Binomial name
Ophisaurus ventralis
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms[2][3][4]
  • Anguis ventralis
    Linnaeus, 1766
  • Ophisaurus ventralis
    — Daudin, 1803
  • Ophisaurus ventralis
    — Cope, 1900

The eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) is a species of legless lizard in the family Anguidae and the longest and heaviest species of glass lizards in the genus Ophisaurus,[5][failed verification] endemic to the Southeastern United States. The streamlined, legless species is often confused with snakes. Glass lizards differ from snakes as they possess a moveable eyelid and an external ear opening as well as a lateral groove that separates the different types of scales on the animal,[6] all three of these features are absent in snakes. Snakes also have flexible jaws while lizards do not.[5] Ventralis comes from the Latin "venter" meaning belly; this is in reference to the snake-like movement. [7]

Description

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Adults of O. ventralis grow to 46–108 cm (18–43 in) in total length, although the head-body length is only 30.5 cm (12.0 in) at most. There are 99 or more scales along the lateral groove. In this species, no dark longitudinal stripes are present below the lateral groove or under the tail, and there is no distinct mid-dorsal stripe. The tail serves purposes such as balance and defense. [8]The neck is marked with a series of mostly vertical, or highly irregular, white marks, with white markings on posterior corners of scales. Palatine teeth are present.[9] Dorsally, older specimens have a pattern consisting of numerous longitudinal dark lines or dashes. Occasionally, similar parallel lines cover the entire mid-dorsal area. Older adults may be greenish above and yellow below; this is the only Ophisaurus species that may have a greenish appearance. Juveniles are khaki-colored and usually have two dark stripes that run down the back.[10] O. ventralis are commonly mistaken as a species of snake because they lack limbs. Unlike snakes, they have moveable eyelids, external ear openings located behind their eyes, and inflexible jaws. [11] The three extant species of Ophisaurus that live in North America can be distinguished by their differences in number of teeth and sizes of skulls from skeletal analysis.[12]

No subspecies are currently recognized.[2]

Habitat

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Eastern glass lizards are a common species near wetlands and moist soils.[13] O. ventralis habitat consists of flatwoods adjacent to wetlands with sandy soils. They heavily rely on prescribed fire to maintain their habitat. [14] They have also been found in tidal areas such as coastal dunes because they are resistant to salty conditions.[15] Eastern glass lizards are most active during the day and can be found foraging in open habitats but also like to take refuge beneath debris.[16]

A study in 2020 found O. ventralis using a crayfish burrow as habitat in southeastern Mississippi. Various invertebrates and vertebrates are known to use these burrows but this is the first time a lizard species has been documented using a crayfish burrow. Limited research has been done but it could represent more widespread behavior.[17] Direct mortality due to prescribed fire is of concern to land managers using fire as a management tool in the eastern glass lizard's habitat. [18]

Distribution

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O. ventralis is commonly found from extreme southeastern Virginia to south Florida and west to Louisiana. They are restricted to the coastal plains of the southeastern United States, and populations are restricted by the Mississippi River.[19][20] Isolated records exist of its occurrence in Oklahoma and Missouri.[10]

Diet

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O. ventralis are opportunistic feeders that will eat almost anything that may cross their path, including insects, small mammals, eggs, small birds and sometimes even fruits or vegetation. Example's of prey they may feed on are: grasshoppers, crickets and beetles, spiders, small mice, snails, and the eggs of other reptiles and ground-nesting birds. They rely on their sense of smell and sharp eyesight to hunt during the day.[21] Unlike snakes, glass lizards do not have flexible jaws, and this limits the size of prey items they can consume. They forage both above ground and underground in burrows.[22]

Predators and predator avoidance

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Common predators of the eastern glass lizard include skunks, raccoons, foxes, snakes, and cats. They have the ability of tail autotomy, meaning their tail breaks off upon restraint. Their tail fragment will continue to writhe for several minutes after detachment to distract the predator and allow them to escape. [23]

Reproduction

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O. ventralis is oviparous and lays around 5–15 eggs in late April to mid July. The eggs have an incubation time of 40-65 days and will tend to hatch around late summer.[24] Eggs are usually laid under cover or in depressions in sandy or loamy soil. Females will encircle their clutch but may retreat when approached and generally do not defend their eggs. However, they will gather them back up if they are scattered around. [25]

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  • Male in South Carolina
    Male in South Carolina
  • Female with eggs
    Female with eggs
  • Hatchlings
    Hatchlings
  • In Florida
    In Florida
  • With tail broken off
    With tail broken off
  • Eastern glass lizard - Valdosta GA, USA
    Eastern glass lizard - Valdosta GA, USA

References

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  1. ^ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Ophisaurus ventralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63721A12710178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63721A12710178.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Ophisaurus ventralis ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  3. ^ "Ophisaurus ventralis ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  4. ^ Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Ophisaurus ventralis, pp. 60-61).
  5. ^ a b Holman, Alan. "Ophisaurus Glass lizards". Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles.
  6. ^ "Virginia Herpetological Society". www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  7. ^ Holbrook, John Edwards (1842). "Ophisaurus ventralis – Linnaeus". North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. 2: 139–142. doi:10.5962/p.326791.
  8. ^ Shufeldt, Robert W (1882). "Remarks upon the osteology of Opheosaurus ventralis."". Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
  9. ^ Holbrook, John Edwards (1842). "Ophisaurus ventralis – Linnaeus". North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. 2: 139–142. doi:10.5962/p.326791. S2CID 247888954.
  10. ^ a b Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Ophisaurus ventralis, pp. 132-133, Figure 30 + Plate 13 + Map 95).
  11. ^ Liniewski, Rachel Marie (2015-01-01). "Vestigial skeletal structures in seven species of lizards in the families scincidae and anguidae". ETD Collection for Fayetteville State University: 1–33.
  12. ^ Auffenburg, W. (1955). "Glass Lizards (Ophisaurus) in the Pleistocene and Pliocene of Florida". Herpetologica. 11 (2): 133–136. ISSN 0018-0831. JSTOR 3889977.
  13. ^ Rodgers, James, A; Schwikert, Stephen, T; Breen, Timothy (2002). "Eastern Glass Lizard as Probable Prey of Great Egrets" (PDF). Florida Field Naturalist. 2: 40.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Kaufmann, Greg; Smith, Henry T.; Engeman, Richard; Meshaka, Walter; Cowan, Ernest M. (2007-01-01). "OPHISAURUS VENTRALIS (Eastern Glass Lizard). FIRE-INDUCED MORTALITY". USDA Wildlife Services - Staff Publications.
  15. ^ Adams, S., Bland, M., Glon, M., & Myers, G. (2020). Ophisaurus ventralis (Eastern Glass Lizard) habitat use. Herpetological Review, 51, 602-602.
  16. ^ Neill, Wilfred T. (1948). "The Lizards of Georgia". Herpetologica. 4 (4): 153–158. ISSN 0018-0831. JSTOR 27669592.
  17. ^ Adams SB, Bland MR, Glon MG, Myers GA (2020). "Ophisaurus ventralis (Eastern Glass Lizard) habitat use" (PDF). Herpetological Review. 51 (3): 602. Retrieved 2 March 2023 – via fs.usda.gov.
  18. ^ Kaufmann, Greg; Smith, Henry T.; Engeman, Richard; Meshaka, Walter; Cowan, Ernest M. (2007-01-01). "OPHISAURUS VENTRALIS (Eastern Glass Lizard). FIRE-INDUCED MORTALITY". USDA Wildlife Services - Staff Publications.
  19. ^ Zadik, J. (4 December 2019). "Eastern Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis)". South Carolina Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  20. ^ Cliburn, J. W. (1959). The Distribution of Some Mississippi Lizards. The American Midland Naturalist, 61(2), 414–418. doi:10.2307/2422510
  21. ^ Gloyd, Howard, K (1922). ""The Amphibians and Reptiles of Franklin County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 31: 115–141. doi:10.2307/3624134. JSTOR 3624134.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Brimley, C. S. (1905). "Notes on the Food and Feeding Habits of Some American Reptiles". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 21 (4): 149–155. ISSN 0013-6220. JSTOR 24330512.
  23. ^ Fitch, Henry S. (2003). "A Comparative Study of Loss and Regeneration of Lizard Tails". Journal of Herpetology. 37 (2): 395–399. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0395:ACSOLA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1566159.
  24. ^ Brooks, John (2023-09-03). "The Fascinating Eastern Glass Lizard". Wild Explained. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  25. ^ "Virginia Herpetological Society". www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Retrieved 2022-04-05.

Further reading

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  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. (Ophisaurus ventralis, pp. 544–545 + Plates 453, 456).
  • Daudin FM (1803). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage faisant suite aux Œuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du Cours complet d'Histoire naturelle rédigé par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Sociétés savantes. Tome septième [Volume 7]. Paris: F. Dufart. 436 pp. (Ophisaurus ventralis, new combination, pp. 352–356 + Plate LXXXVIII). (in French and Latin).
  • Linnaeus C (1766). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Duodecima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 532 pp. (Anguis ventralis, new species, p. 391). (in Latin).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Ophisaurus ventralis, pp. 90–91).
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Ophisaurus ventralis, pp. 67, 155).
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