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Oskar Dirlewanger

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Oskar Dirlewanger
Dirlewanger in 1944
Born26 September 1895
Würzburg, German Empire
Diedc. 7 June 1945(1945-06-07) (aged 49)
Altshausen, Allied-occupied Germany
Allegiance
Service / branch
Years of service
  • 1913–1918
  • 1936–1939
  • 1940–1945
RankSS-Oberführer SS-Oberführer
CommandsDirlewanger Brigade
Battles / warsWorld War I

Spanish Civil War

World War II

Awards
Alma materGoethe University Frankfurt
Signature

Oskar Paul Dirlewanger (26 September 1895 – c. 7 June 1945) was a German military officer (SS-Oberführer) and war criminal who served as the founder and commander of the Nazi SS penal unit "Dirlewanger" during World War II. Serving in Poland and in Belarus, his name is closely linked to some of the most notorious crimes of the war. He also fought in World War I, the post-World War I conflicts, and the Spanish Civil War. He reportedly died after World War II while in Allied custody. According to Timothy Snyder, "in all the theaters of the Second World War, few could compete in cruelty with Dirlewanger".[1]

Early life

Dirlewanger was born in Würzburg on 26 September 1895. He was the son of a merchant, and spent much of his childhood in Esslingen Am Neckar after his family moved there in 1906. He attended the Esslinger Gymnasium (known today as the Georgii-Gymnasium) and the Schelztor-Oberrealschule. He completed his Abitur in 1913.

World War I

Dirlewanger enlisted in the Wurttemberg Army on the 1st of October, 1913, and served as a machine gunner in the "König Karl" Grenadier Regiment 123, a part of the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps and as a One-year volunteer. He would fight as a part of this unit on the Western Front of World War I, where he took part in the German invasion of Belgium and later fought in France. He received the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class, having been wounded six times, and finished the war with the rank of lieutenant, in charge of a company on the Eastern Front in southern Russia and Romania.[2] At the cessation of hostilities, the German units in Dirlewanger's area were ordered to be interned in Romania, but Dirlewanger disobeyed orders and led 600 men from his and other units back to Germany.[3] According to German biographer Knut Stang, the war was a contributing factor that determined Dirlewanger's later life and his "terror warfare" methods, as "his amoral personality, with his alcoholism and his sadistic sexual orientation, was additionally shattered by the front experiences of the First World War and its frenzied violence and barbarism."[4]

Interwar period

After the end of World War I, Dirlewanger, described in a police report as "a mentally unstable, violent fanatic and alcoholic, who had the habit of erupting into violence under the influence of drugs",[5] joined various Freikorps right-wing paramilitary militias and fought against German communists in Ruhr and Saxony, and against Polish nationalists in Upper Silesia. He participated in the suppression of the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the Freikorps in multiple German cities in 1920 and 1921.[6] Later, he commanded an armed formation of students which was set up by him under the Württemberg "Highway Watch".[2]

On Easter Sunday 1921, Dirlewanger commanded an armoured train that moved towards Sangerhausen, which had been occupied by the Communist Party of Germany militia group of Max Hoelz in one of their raids intended to inspire worker uprisings.[2][6] An attack by Dirlewanger failed, and the enemy militiamen succeeded in cutting off his force. After the latter was reinforced by pro-government troops during the night, the Communists withdrew from the town. During this operation, Dirlewanger was grazed on the head by a gunshot. After the Nazi Party gained power, Dirlewanger was celebrated as the town's "liberator from the Red terrorists" and received its honorary citizenship in 1935.[2]

Between his militant forays, he studied at the Goethe University Frankfurt and in 1922 obtained a doctorate in political science. He wrote his doctoral thesis as an analysis and critique of the planned economy, titled: “Critique of the idea of a planned management of the economy."[7] The following year, he joined the Nazi Party and its SA militia, and later also the SS. From 1928 to 1931 he was an executive director of a textile factory owned by a Jewish family in Erfurt where he renounced active service in the SA but financially donated to the SA, possibly obtaining the money by embezzling from his company.[8] Dirlewanger held various jobs, which included working at a bank and a knitwear factory.[7] In 1933 after the Nazi seizure of power, Dirlewanger was rewarded to become director of the Heilbronn employment agency, a strategic post for local-level Nazi leaders.[9]

Dirlewanger was repeatedly convicted for illegal arms possession and embezzlement. In 1934, he was convicted and sentenced to two years' imprisonment for the rape of a 14-year-old girl from the League of German Girls (BDM), as well as the illegal use of a government vehicle and damaging said vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. Dirlewanger also lost his job, his doctor title and all military honours, and was expelled from the party. Soon after his release from the prison in Ludwigsburg, he was arrested again on similar charges for criminal recidivism. He was sent to the Welzheim concentration camp, either as what Stein feels was standard practice for deviant sexual offenders in Germany at the time[10] or for creating a disturbance demanding the reversal of his criminal charges appearing before the Reich Chancellery.[11] Dirlewanger was released and reinstated in the general reserve of the SS following personal intervention of his wartime companion and local NSDAP cadre comrade Gottlob Berger, who was also a long-time personal friend of the SS chief Heinrich Himmler and had become the head of the SS Head Office (SS-Hauptamt, SS-HA).

Dirlewanger next went to Spain, where he enlisted into the Spanish Foreign Legion during the Spanish Civil War.[10] Through Berger he transferred to the German Condor Legion[7] where he served from 1936 to 1939 and was wounded three times. Following further intervention on his behalf by his patron Berger, he successfully petitioned to have his case reconsidered in light of his service in Spain.[12] Dirlewanger was reinstated into the NSDAP, albeit with a higher party number (No. 1,098,716). His doctorate was also restored by the University of Frankfurt.

World War II

Polish civilians murdered in the Wola massacre by Dirlewanger's men. Warsaw, August 1944

At the beginning of World War II, Dirlewanger volunteered for the Waffen-SS and received the rank of Obersturmführer. He eventually became the commander of the so-called Dirlewanger Brigade (at first designated as a battalion, later expanded to a regiment and a brigade, and eventually a division), composed originally of a small group of former poachers along with soldiers of a more conventional background. It was believed that the excellent tracking and shooting skills of the poachers could be put to constructive use in the fight against partisans. Later, Dirlewanger's soldiers were mostly recruited among the ever-increasing groups of German convicted criminals (civilian and military) and concentration camp inmates, eventually including mental asylum patients, homosexuals, interned Romani people, and (at the end of the war) even political prisoners sentenced for their anti-Nazi beliefs and activities.[citation needed]

The unit was assigned to security duties first in General Government (occupied Poland), where Dirlewanger served as an SS-TV commandant of a labour camp at Stary Dzików. The camp was the subject of an abuse investigation by the SS judge Georg Konrad Morgen, who accused Dirlewanger of wanton acts of murder, corruption and Rassenschande or race defilement (Morgen consequently himself was reduced in rank and sent to the Eastern Front).[13] According to Morgen, "Dirlewanger was a nuisance and a terror to the entire population. He repeatedly pillaged the ghetto in Lublin, extorting ransoms." Atrocities committed by Dirlewanger included injecting strychnine into young Jewish female prisoners, previously undressed and whipped, to watch them convulse to death in front of him and his friends for entertainment.[14] According to Raul Hilberg, this camp was where "one of the first instances that reference was made to the 'soap-making rumor".[15] According to the rumor, Dirlewanger "cut up Jewish women and boiled them with horse meat to make soap."[16]

According to Peter Longerich, Dirlewanger's leadership "was characterized by continued alcohol abuse, looting, sadistic atrocities, rape, and murder—and his mentor Berger tolerated this behaviour, as did Himmler, who so urgently needed men such as the Sonderkommando Dirlewanger in his fight against 'subhumanity'."[17] In his letter to Himmler, SS-Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik recommended Dirlewanger, who "in charge of the Jewish camp of Dzikow ... was an excellent leader."[18] During the Nuremberg Trials after the war, Berger said: "Now Dr. Dirlewanger was hardly a good boy. You can't say that. But he was a good soldier, and he had one big mistake that he didn't know when to stop drinking."[19]

In February 1942, the unit was assigned to "anti-gang" operations (Bandenbekämpfung) in Belarus. In Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, Timothy Snyder wrote that "Dirlewanger's preferred method was to herd the local population inside a barn, set the barn on fire, and then shoot with machine guns anyone who tried to escape."[1] Rounded-up civilians would be also routinely used as human shields and marched over minefields.[2] In Masters of Death, Richard Rhodes wrote that Dirlewanger and his force "raped and tortured young women and slaughtered Jews Einsatzgruppen-style in Byelorussia beginning in 1942."[20] Snyder cautiously estimated that the Sonderkommando, by then regiment-sized, killed at least 30,000 Belarusian civilians.[1] Himmler was well aware of Dirlewanger's reputation and record, but nonetheless gave him the German Cross in Gold on 5 December 1943,[21] for his unit's actions such as during Operation Cottbus (May–June 1943), during which Dirlewanger reportedly killed more than 14,000 alleged partisans.

Dirlewanger's men in central Warsaw in 1944

In mid-1944, during the Operation Bagration, Dirlewanger's unit suffered heavy losses during fighting against Red Army regulars. It was then hastily rebuilt and reformed into a "storm brigade" and used in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising. Historian Martin Windrow wrote that in the summer of 1944 Dirlewanger led his "butchers, rapists and looters into action against the Warsaw Uprising, and quickly committed ... unspeakable crimes."[21] In Warsaw, Dirlewanger participated in the Wola massacre, together with police units rounding up and shooting some 40,000 civilians, most of them in just two days.[1] In the same Wola district, Dirlewanger burned three hospitals with patients inside, while the nurses were "whipped, gang-raped and finally hanged naked, together with the doctors" to the accompaniment of the popular song "In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus".[1] Later, "they drank, raped and murdered their way through the Old Town, slaughtering civilians and fighters alike without distinction of age or sex."[2] In the Old Town – where about 30,000 civilians were killed – several thousand wounded in field hospitals overrun by the Germans were shot and set on fire with flamethrowers.[1] SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, overall commander of the forces pacifying Warsaw – and Dirlewanger's former superior officer in Belarus – described Dirlewanger as having "a typical mercenary nature."[22]

In recognition of his work to crush the uprising and intimidate the population of the city, Dirlewanger received his final promotion, to the rank of SS-Oberführer, on 15 August 1944. In October, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, recommended for it by his superior officer in Warsaw, SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth (after the war, Reinefarth lied about his role in Warsaw, even denying Dirlewanger had been under his command).[13]

Dirlewanger then led his men in joining the efforts to put down the Slovak National Uprising in October 1944, eventually being posted on the front lines of Hungary and eastern Germany to fight against the advancing Red Army. In February 1945, the unit was expanded again and re-designated as an SS Grenadier division. That same month, Dirlewanger was shot in the chest while fighting against the Soviet forces near Guben in Brandenburg and sent to the rear. It was his twelfth and final injury in the war. On 22 April, he went into hiding.[citation needed]

Dirlewanger is invariably described as an extremely cruel person by historians and researchers, including as "a psychopathic killer and child molester" by Steven Zaloga,[23] "violently sadistic" by Richard Rhodes,[20] and "an expert in extermination and a devotee of sadism and necrophilia" by J. Bowyer Bell.[24]

Death

Dirlewanger was arrested on 1 June 1945 near the town of Altshausen in Upper Swabia by the French occupation zone authorities while he was wearing civilian clothes, using a false name and hiding in a remote hunting lodge. He was recognised by a Jewish former concentration camp inmate and brought to a detention centre. He reportedly died around 5–7 June 1945 in a prison camp at Altshausen, probably as a result of ill treatment. There are numerous conflicting reports of the nature of his death: the French said that he died of a heart attack and was buried in an unmarked grave; or he was taken by armed Poles, presumably former forced laborers; or French military prisoners (of Polish descent); or Polish soldiers (29ème Groupement d'Infanterie Polonaise), who were mistreated in French custody; or former inmates and prison guards; or that he escaped and there were some rumours that he joined the foreign legion. Ultimately his fate is unknown, but it is generally considered most likely that he died at Altshausen.[7][25][26][27][28]

Legacy

Dirlewanger became the inspiration for the Wolfsbrigade 44, a German Neo-Nazi group which was banned by the federal government of Germany in December 2020. According to The Times, the "44" is code for "DD", short for "Division Dirlewanger".[29]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, pp. 241–242, 304
  2. ^ a b c d e f MacLean, French (1998). The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 0764304836.
  3. ^ Ingrao, p. 54
  4. ^ Stang, Knut (2004). "Oskar Dirlewanger: Protagonist der Terrorkriegsführung". In Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (ed.). Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien (in German). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 77. ISBN 353416654X.
  5. ^ Longerich
  6. ^ a b "Die Einheit Dirlewanger – Institut für Zeitgeschichte" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d Wistrich, Robert S. (2001). Who's Who of Nazi Germany: Dirlewanger, Oskar. Routledge, p. 44. ISBN 0-415-26038-8
  8. ^ Ingrao, p. 63
  9. ^ Ingrao, Christian (1 July 2013). The SS Dirlewanger Brigade: The History of the Black Hunters. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1626364875. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  10. ^ a b George H. Stein (1984). The Waffen SS. Cornell University Press, p. 266. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0
  11. ^ Ingrao, p. 71
  12. ^ Maguire, Peter H. (2002). Law & War: An American Story. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-231-12050-0.
  13. ^ a b Philip W. Blood, Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
  14. ^ Richard Grunberger (1971). The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 104. ISBN 0030764351
  15. ^ David Crowe (2004) Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Basic Books. p. 346. ISBN 081333375X
  16. ^ "Myths : Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies : University of Minnesota". Chgs.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  17. ^ Longerich, pp. 345–346
  18. ^ Longerich, p. 831
  19. ^ French L. MacLean (2007) Thank God That's Gone to the Butcher: 2000 Quotes from Hitler's 1000-year Reich. Schiffer Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 0764327860
  20. ^ a b Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
  21. ^ a b Martin Windrow (1984) The Waffen-SS. Osprey Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 0-85045-425-5
  22. ^ Andrew Borowiec (2001) Destroy Warsaw!: Hitler's Punishment, Stalin's Revenge. the University of Michigan. p. 101. ISBN 0275970051
  23. ^ Steven J. Zaloga (1982) The Polish Army 1939–45. Osprey. p. 25. ISBN 0-85045-417-4
  24. ^ J. Bowyer Bell (2006). Besieged: Seven Cities Under Siege. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 9781351314114. The other, the Dirlewanger SS Brigade, was composed of German convicts on probation and led by Oskar Dirlwanger, an expert in extermination and a devotee of sadism and necrophilia. ISBN 1412805864
  25. ^ Arolsen Archives DE ITS 2.3.3.1/671971 (Hohes Kommissariat der Republik Frankreich, Kartei der Verfolgten in der französischen Besatzungszone und von Franzosen in anderen Zonen) Bild 77330504 (Bekala Josef 01/22/1907), Bild 77887012 (Szklany Jean 06/18/1914), Bild 77867470 (Spieszny)
  26. ^ Kuberski, Hubert. "The finale of a war criminal's existence: mysteries surrounding Oskar Dirlewanger's death – Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej". Retrieved 23 February 2022., pp. 233-236, 248-251
  27. ^ Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). Dirlewanger, Oskar. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0300084323. Retrieved 24 June 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Winter, Walter Stanoski; Robertson, Struan (2004). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz. p. 139. ISBN 1-902806-38-7.
  29. ^ The Times 5 Dec 2020 p. 54

Sources

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