Oskar Dirlewanger

Oskar Dirlewanger
Dirlewanger in 1944
Nickname(s)	Gandhi Butcher of Warsaw
Born	26 September 1895 Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died	c. 7 June 1945(1945-06-07) (aged 49) Altshausen, Baden-Württemberg, Allied-occupied Germany
Allegiance	German Empire Nazi Germany
Branch	Imperial German Army Freikorps Spanish Legion Condor Legion SS-Totenkopfverbände Waffen-SS
Years of service	1913–1919 1919–1921 1937–1939 1940–1945
Rank	SS-Oberführer
Commands	Dirlewanger Brigade
Battles / wars	World War I Freikorps Operations Spanish Civil War World War II Anti-partisan operations in Belarus Warsaw Uprising Slovak National Uprising
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Clasp to the Iron Cross Close Combat Clasp Spanish Cross
Alma mater	Goethe University Frankfurt
Signature

Oskar Paul Dirlewanger (26 September 1895 – c. 7 June 1945) was a German SS officer known for committing numerous war crimes in German-occupied territories during World War II. Dirlewanger was the founder and commander of the penal unit known as the Dirlewanger Brigade, considered to be the most notorious part of the Waffen-SS. His unit epitomized the expansion of the war of terror in its most brutal form, with Dirlewanger himself regarded as perhaps the Nazi regime's "most extreme executioner," indulging himself in sadistic acts of violence, rape and murder. He died after the war while in Allied custody.

Dirlewanger had an impressive career as a junior officer during World War I. He further fought in the post-World War I conflicts in Germany as a minor commander in the Freikorps militia movement, with the troops he led then also characterized by excessive violence, and participated in the Spanish Civil War. He was also a habitual offender, convicted in the interwar Germany for raping a child and other crimes. During World War II, Dirlewanger created and headed a special SS unit that was officially named after him and was composed for the most part of conscripted convicts and other prisoners. Serving mostly in Poland and Belarus, he has been closely linked to many atrocities, being responsible for the deaths of at least tens of thousands. His methods included rape and torture, and he personally kept numerous women as his sex slaves. He is also noted to have committed the worst crimes of the bloody suppression of Warsaw Uprising. Dirlewanger's brutality was not limited to civilians and captured enemy combatants, as he was ruthless to his men, whom he would beat and kill if they displeased him. His unit is regarded as the war's most infamous in both Poland and Belarus, and arguably the worst military force in modern European history based in terms of criminality and cruelty.

Early life

Oskar Dirlewanger was born in Würzburg on 26 September 1895. He was the son of August Dirlewanger, an attorney, and his wife Pauline Dirlewanger (née Herrlinger). The Dirlewanger family was of Swabian origin. He spent much of his childhood in Esslingen am Neckar after his family moved there in 1906. He attended the Esslinger Gymnasium (known today as the Georgii-Gymnasium) and the Schelztor-Oberrealschule. He completed his Abitur in 1913. Dirlewanger never married and he stood 1.83 metres (6 feet 0 inches) tall. The Dirlewanger family had four children and very typical for the time.

World War I

Dirlewanger enlisted in the Württemberg Army on 1 October 1913, and served as a machine gunner in the "König Karl" Grenadier Regiment 123, a part of the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps and as a one-year volunteer. With the outbreak of World War I on 2 August 1914, Dirlewanger's unit, as part of Crown Prince Wilhelm's 5th Army, was sent to the Western Front, where he took part in the Battle of the Ardennes and later fought in France and Luxembourg. While serving on the Western Front, Dirlewanger was wounded several times, as a result of which he became "40 percent disabled."

On 22 August 1914, Dirlewanger was wounded twice during the Battle of the Ardennes on the Western front. He was shot in the foot and sabred in the chest. The next day, he was wounded again when a shrapnel struck his head. For his combat service, Dirlewanger was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 28 August 1914. He spent nearly four months recuperating from his wounds in field hospitals. On 14 April 1915, Dirlewanger was promoted to the rank of Leutnant and served as a platoon leader until November 1916. On 7 September 1915, he was wounded for a second time, suffering a gunshot wound to the hand and a bayonet injury to the right leg. On 4 October 1915, Dirlewanger was awarded the Württemburg Bravery Medal in Gold. He once again five months in several military hospitals at Trier and Esslingen recuperating from his recent wounds. On 13 July 1916, He was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class and on December of 1916 Dirlewanger served on the staff of the 7th Infantry Division. From January to March of 1917, Dirlewanger served back at the front-lines as the commander of the assault company of the 7th Infantry Division before moving to take command of the 2nd Machine-gun Company of the 123rd Infantry Regiment. He would lead this unit until October 1918. On April 30, 1918 he was shot in the left shoulder. By this time the unit was in southern Russia and served in the occupation of Ukraine.

He received the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class, having been wounded six times, and finished the war with the rank of lieutenant, in charge of a company on the Eastern Front in southern Russia and Romania. At the cessation of hostilities, Dirlewanger's battalion was supposed to be interned in Romania, but Dirlewanger decided to return his unit to Germany, and led 600 men from his company and other battalion units home. According to Dirlewanger's German biographer Knut Stang, Dirlewanger's WWI frontline experiences and their intoxicating violence and barbarism determined his later life and "terror warfare" methods, in addition to his amoral personality shaped by sadistic sexual orientation and alcoholism.

Interwar period

By the end of World War I, Dirlewanger was described in one police report as "a mentally unstable, violent fanatic and alcoholic, who had the habit of erupting into violence under the influence of drugs." The fact that he had succeeded, even after the ceasefire, in fighting his way back from the front in Romania to Germany with his men became for him the defining experience. Henceforth, he adopted an unrestrained mode of life, characterised by contempt for the laws and rules of civil society. In 1919, he joined various Freikorps paramilitary militias (Epp, Haas, Sprésser and Holz) and fought against German communists in Thuringia, Ruhr, and Saxony, and against Polish insurgents in Upper Silesia. He participated in the suppression of the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the Freikorps in multiple German cities in 1920 and 1921. At the same time, he studied at the Higher Commercial School in Mannheim, but was expelled from it for antisemitism. Later, he commanded an armed formation of students which was set up by him under the Württemberg "Highway Watch".

On Easter Sunday 1921, Dirlewanger commanded an armoured train that moved towards Sangerhausen, which had been occupied by the Communist Party of Germany militia group of Max Hoelz in one of their raids intended to inspire worker uprisings. An attack by Dirlewanger failed, and the enemy militiamen succeeded in cutting off his force. After the latter was reinforced by pro-government troops during the night, the Communists withdrew from the town. During this operation, Dirlewanger was grazed on the head by a gunshot. After the Nazi Party gained power, Dirlewanger was celebrated as the town's "liberator from the Red terrorists" and received its honorary citizenship in 1935.

Between his militant forays, he studied at the Goethe University Frankfurt, and in 1922, obtained a doctorate in political science (Dr. rer. pol.). He wrote his doctoral thesis as an analysis and critique of the planned economy, titled: “Critique of the idea of a planned management of the economy." The following year, he joined the Nazi NSDAP and its Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary militia. Dirlewanger's membership number was No. 12,517, but he left the party due to his imprisonment for possession of a firearm. During the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923, Dirlewanger attempted to drive some armored cars, owned by the Stuttgart police authorities, from Stuttgart to Munich. Shortly after the failed putsch, he allowed his party membership to lapse. He rejoined the NSDAP in 1926 and received a new membership number of No. 13,556. However, he was forced to leave the party when he started working as an executive director of a textile factory owned by a Jewish family in Erfurt from 1928 to 1932, where he renounced active service in the SA but financially donated to the SA, possibly obtaining the money by embezzling from his company. Dirlewanger rejoined the NSDAP for a third time on 1 March 1932 and received a party number of 1,098,716. A month later, he officially joined the SA on 1 April 1932 and held various jobs, which included working at a bank and a knitwear factory. In 1933, after the Nazi seizure of power, Dirlewanger was rewarded by being made deputy director of the Heilbronn employment agency, a strategic post for local-level Nazi leaders.

Dirlewanger in 1934

Dirlewanger was repeatedly convicted for illegal arms possession and embezzlement. In 1934, he was convicted and sentenced to two years' imprisonment for "contributing to the delinquency of a minor with whom he was sexually involved". Dirlewanger also lost his job, his doctor title, and all military honours, and was expelled from the party. Soon after his release from the prison in Ludwigsburg, he was arrested again on the same charge and sent to the Welzheim concentration camp, but more likely it was for creating a disturbance before the Reich Chancellery, demanding the reversal of his criminal charges. Dirlewanger was released and reinstated in the general reserve of the SS following the personal intervention of his wartime companion and local NSDAP cadre comrade Gottlob Berger, who was also a long-time personal friend of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and had become the head of the SS Main Office (SS-Hauptamt, SS-HA).

Dirlewanger next went to Spain, where he enlisted in the Spanish Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Through Berger, he transferred to the German Condor Legion where he served from 1937 to 1939 and was wounded three times. Following further intervention on his behalf by his patron Berger, Dirlewanger successfully petitioned to have his case reconsidered in light of his service in Spain. He was reinstated into the NSDAP, albeit with a higher party number (No. 1,098,716). His doctorate was also restored by the University of Frankfurt on 4 April 1941.

World War II

Further information: Dirlewanger Brigade

On 4 July 1939, Dirlewanger sent a letter to Himmler regarding his admission into the Waffen-SS. However, on 19 August 1939, Dirlewanger's entry into the Waffen-SS was denied due to his previous conviction in 1934. Although he was denied, Dirlewanger was given an alternative, that he was allowed to volunteer to any Wehrmacht department. Dirlewanger's case was reopened when the third chamber of District Court in Württemberg-Hohenzollern issued its final ruling on 20 May 1940. On 30 April, Dirlewanger sent a letter to the court stating that he was wrongly convicted and refused to file a petition for clemency, as he believed by doing so would imply guilty. Instead, he requested that his case are to be reopened. Following his exoneration by the Higher State Court in Stuttgart, he requested that the party court proceedings be resumed and that his NSDAP membership be restored. He also stated that he had suffered significant financial hardship as a result of the wrongful conviction and requested that party dues from the time of his expulsion until 1 May be waived. However, he expressed willingness to pay all dues from 1 May onward, and asked for a swift resolution of his application. Dirlewanger consistently maintained his innocence, claiming he had been unaware of the girl's true age and that she had stated she was nearly 17 and attending vocational school. While imprisoned, he began working to reopen the case, efforts he continued after his release. From 1937 to 1939, he fought in the Spanish Civil War with the Condor Legion and was awarded the Spanish Cross in Silver for his service. Even before returning from Spain, he resumed his legal efforts, supported by the State Court in Heilbronn. On 26 March 1939, the Higher State Court in Stuttgart accepted the motion for retrial, and during a general assembly held on 29–30 April 1940, his 1934 conviction was annulled. He was fully exonerated, the costs were charged to the state, and the Party Court subsequently nullified his expulsion from the NSDAP, declaring the case legally closed as no objections were raised by party leadership.

Thus, after the beginning of World War II, Dirlewanger volunteered for the Waffen-SS and received the rank of Obersturmführer. He was also appointed as an Inspectorate officer of the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV). On 4 June 1940, Berger proposed to Himmler that Dirlewanger be appointed commander of special force made of convicted poachers along with soldiers of a more conventional background. It was believed that the excellent tracking and shooting skills of the poachers could be put to constructive use in the fight against partisans. Despite Himmler preferring executioners who exhibited self-control and were efficient while appearing humane, he was not opposed to "lowering his bar and hiring a sadistic psychopath and convicted pedophile like Oskar Dirlewanger." Such unit was created in Oranienburg on 1 July, originally as the Wilddieb Kommando Oranienburg, later known as the SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger" or the so-called Dirlewanger Brigade. Dirlewanger was given the task of conducting military training among poachers serving their sentences in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin. His command was at first designated as a special battalion (Sonderbataillon), later expanded to a special regiment (Sonderregiment) and an assault brigade (Sturmbrigade), before being eventually reformed into an infantry ("grenadier") division at the end of the war (although it never reached the division size). It soon lost its original character as Dirlewanger began recruiting all kinds of prisoners and volunteers, including the clinically insane and the non-Germans.

The unit was first assigned to the General Government, the non-annexed territories of occupied Poland, for security duties against the Polish resistance in the city of Lublin and its surrounding towns and countryside. Arriving there in September 1940, they were also to help regarding the pre-Final Solution abortive Nisko Plan to create a Jewish resettlement zone in the Lublin area (a project already abandoned by then), guarding three labor camps for Jews, with Dirlewanger himself personally in charge of the camp at Stary Dzików as its commandant. In 1941, his misconduct was the subject of an abuse investigation by the SS Court Main Office judge Georg Konrad Morgen, who accused Dirlewanger of wanton acts of murder, corruption, and the crime of Rassenschande or race defilement with a Jewish woman named Sarah Bergmann. According to Morgen, who in his investigation was assisted by the local Gestapo chief and former criminal police detective Johannes Müller, "Dirlewanger was a nuisance and a terror to the entire population. He repeatedly pillaged the ghetto in Lublin, extorting ransoms." Once Dirlewanger poisoned 57 Jews on his own initiative. Acts committed by Dirlewanger include burning the genitals of women he abused with a gasoline lighter, whipping them naked, and injecting strychnine into Jewish girls and then watching their death agonies in the officers' mess. The Jewish girls which Dirlewanger raped were taken away and shot by his men so they could not report him nor testify. Morgen requested Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger, the Higher SS and Police Leader for the General Government, for an arrest warrant against Dirlewanger, but Krüger was blocked by Berger. In a post-war testimony, which historian Raul Hilberg noted as "one of the first instances that reference was made to the 'soap-making rumour'," Morgen said that:

Dirlewanger had arrested people illegally and arbitrarily, and as for his female prisoners — young Jewesses — he did the following against them: he called together a small circle of friends consisting of members of a Wehrmacht supply unit. Then he made so-called scientific experiments, which involved stripping the victims of their clothes. Then they [the victims] were given an injection of strychnine. Dirlewanger looked on, smoked a cigarette, as did his friends, and they saw how these girls were dying. Immediately after that the corpses were cut into small pieces, mixed with horsemeat, and boiled into soap.

According to historian Peter Longerich, "Dirlewanger's leadership of the Sonderkommando was characterized by continued alcohol abuse, looting, sadistic atrocities, rape, and murder—and his mentor Berger tolerated this behaviour, as did Himmler, who so urgently needed men such as Dirlewanger in his fight against 'subhumanity'." It was important to the Reichsführer, however, that the detachments within the Sonderkommando did not belong to the Waffen-SS, but merely serve it. In his letter to Himmler, SS-Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik (later the leader of the Operation Reinhard, the extermination camps for Polish Jews) initially recommended Dirlewanger as "an excellent leader." During the Ministries Trial after the war, Berger said: "Now Dr. Dirlewanger was hardly a good boy. You can't say that. But he was a good soldier, and he had one big mistake that he didn't know when to stop drinking." Dirlewanger was also brutal towards his own men, bringing them into line by involving himself in the murderous deeds of the soldiers, otherwise using draconian methods which disregarded military criminal law, and arbitrarily beat and killed his own men. He was described by historian Richard C. Lukas as "an ascetic-looking man who treated his own men as brutally as he treated the Poles. Beating them with clubs to maintain discipline was not uncommon. He even casually shot men he did not like." Another one of Dirlewanger's punishments included the "Dirlewanger coffin", in which a soldier could be locked up in a narrow box for days. Historian Richard Rhodes wrote how the "resulting organization was so vicious – enthusiastically extorting, raping, torturing and murdering Poles and Jews – that it even disgusted men like Globocnik, who had it transferred out of the General Government and into Byelorussia to fight partisans."

SS-Obersturmbannführer Dirlewanger (right) standing next to a group of NSDAP officials at a Nazi parade near Kielmeyerhaus, Germany, in December 1943. Dirlewanger was still recuperating from a gunshot wound to his chest, received during anti-partisan operations in Belarus, explaining why he is holding a cane and saluting with his left arm.

In February 1942, Dirlewanger and his unit have been assigned to the task of the "bandit-fighting" (Bandenbekämpfung), the Nazi counter-insurgency against the Soviet partisans in rural Belarus, as well as (with the Final Solution now in motion) the extermination of Belarusian Jews (already concentrated in the ghettos) above all. In the September 1942 Operation Swamp Fever, for instance, they first participated in the killing of 8,350 Jews in Baranavichy Ghetto, and then killed 389 (non-Jewish) "bandits" and 1,274 "suspects". They became infamous for burning and indiscriminately massacring entire Belarusian villages. According to historian Timothy Snyder, "Dirlewanger's preferred method was to herd the local population inside a barn, set the barn on fire, and then shoot with machine guns anyone who tried to escape." One incident recounted by an anonymous member of the unit described how a village of around 2,500 was killed in such way, with Dirlewanger himself at the forefront of the massacre. Rounded-up civilians were also routinely used as human shields and marched over minefields, the latter method dubbed a "Dirlewanger mine detector" by the Higher SS and Police Leader in Belarus, Curt von Gottberg. According to historian Paul R. Bartrop, at least 30,000 Belarusian civilians have been killed under Dirlewanger's orders; a Soviet estimate put it at around 200 villages destroyed and more than 120,000 people killed. Dirlewanger also kept multiple sex slaves for his own use. Despite Himmler being aware of Dirlewanger's reputation and record, nonetheless he was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 5 December 1943, for his unit's actions such as during Operation Cottbus (May–June 1943), during which Dirlewanger reported 14,000 alleged partisans killed. In his August 1943 report to the Nazi ideology chief Alfred Rosenberg, Wilhelm Kube, the Generalkommissar for Generalbezirk Weißruthenien, complained about the effects of that Dirlewanger and others had in Belarus:

The name of Dirlewanger plays a particularly fatal role here, because this man consciously does not take into account any political needs during his ruthless extermination expedition against the peaceful population. In view of the methods often used, reminiscent of the excesses of the Thirty Years' War, the assurances of the German civil administration about the desired cooperation of the Belarusian people look like a lie. When women and children are shot en masse or burned alive, there is no longer a semblance of humane conduct of war.

SS-Standartenführer Dirlewanger (left) with his staff during the Warsaw Uprising. Theatre Square, August 1944.

In the early summer of 1944, during Operation Bagration, his Sonderregiment suffered heavy losses while fighting against the regular forces of the Red Army. Its remnant managed to retreat back to Poland. There, it was then hastily rebuilt and reformed as a Kampfgruppe formation under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth and used in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, fighting first against the Polish insurgents since early August and later also helping to defeat the Polish People's Army's attempt to help Warsaw through a bridgehead in late September. Here, Dirlewanger, again using human shields and his other notorious methods from Belarus, gained further reputation for his brutality, becoming known in Poland as the "Executioner of the Warsaw Uprising". During early August, the Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger participated in the Wola massacre, together with Reinefarth's collection of police and security SS units systematically exterminating tens of thousands of residents of the Wola district of Warsaw. The role of Dirlewanger in the beginning days of the massacre may have been limited, and Dirlewanger himself may not have arrived until 7 August. According to Snyder, Dirlewanger burned three of Wola hospitals with patients inside, while the nurses were "whipped, gang-raped and finally hanged naked, together with the doctors" to the accompaniment of the drinking song "In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus". Later, his men "drank, raped, and murdered their way through Warsaw's Old Town, slaughtering civilians and fighters alike without distinction of age or sex." There, again, thousands of wounded in hospitals were shot and set on fire with flamethrowers, and the soldiers "burned prisoners alive with gasoline, impaled babies on bayonets and stuck them out of windows and hung women upside down from balconies." The brutality of Dirlewanger himself was described by Mathias Schenck, a Belgian national who was serving in the area as a German Army combat engineer: "There is also that small child in Dirlewanger’s hands. He took it from a woman who was standing in the crowd in the street. He lifted the child high and then threw it into the fire. Then he shot the mother." According to Schenck, Dirlewanger also had a habit of hanging people every Thursday, whether it be Poles or his own men, often being the one to kick the chair out from underneath them. He described witnessing the massacre of children at the John Climacus's Orthodox Church orphanage:

We blew up the doors, I think of a school. Children were standing in the hall and on the stairs. Lots of children. All with their small hands up. We looked at them for a few moments until Dirlewanger ran in. He ordered to kill them all. They shot them and then they were walking over their bodies and breaking their little heads with butt ends. Blood and brain matter streamed down the stairs. There is a memorial plaque in that place stating that 350 children were killed. I think there were many more, maybe 500.

Alarmed by reports coming from the regular German Army commander in Warsaw, General Nikolaus von Vormann, the Army High Command chief General Heinz Guderian appealed directly to Adolf Hitler himself to have Dirlewanger immediately removed from the city. Guderian was supported by SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, the overall commander of the forces pacifying Warsaw (and Dirlewanger's own former superior officer in Belarus), who described Dirlewanger as having "a typical mercenary nature". Hermann Fegelein, a member of Hitler's entourage and a liaison officer of the Waffen-SS, confirmed the allegations and described Dirlewanger's men as "real hoodlums". His opinion prompted Hitler to order Himmler to deal with the situation regarding Dirlewanger as well as another notorious commander in Reinefarth's grouping, Bronislav Kaminski. The latter's force of Russian collaborators, the Russian People's Liberation Army, deemed out-of-control, was indeed withdrawn outside Warsaw and the disgraced Kaminski along with some of his staff were assassinated by the Gestapo in a secret purge. Nothing, however, happened to Dirlewanger, probably due to his continued protection by Berger. Historian Douglas E. Nash cites an estimate according to which Dirlewanger and his unit killed at least 12,500 and up to 30,000 people in Warsaw, mostly non-combatants or captives. For its part, treated by Reinefarth's staff and Dirlewanger himself as disposable urban assaults troops, the Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger suffered extremely heavy losses, in two months losing 315% of its initial strength (2,733 casualties compared to 865 men and 16 officers originally sent into the city), having been continuously replaced by constant reinforcements of new convict soldiers. It emerged from Warsaw as a Sturmbrigade, by then with only a few of the 50 members of the original "poacher" hard core group still alive in addition to Dirlewanger. In recognition of his bloody work to crush the uprising, Dirlewanger received his final promotion, to the rank of SS-Oberführer, on 12 August 1944. In October, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, approved by Hitler and recommended for it by his superior officer in Warsaw, Reinefarth; after the war, Reinefarth lied about his role in Warsaw, denying Dirlewanger had been under his command and even publicly denying having been a member of the SS, and was never punished.

SS-Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger after receiving the Slovak War Victoria Cross following the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising. Banská Bystrica, 31 October 1944.

Dirlewanger then led his men in joining the efforts to put down the Slovak National Uprising in October 1944, where similar atrocities were committed. Eventually, he and his men were posted on the front lines of Hungary and eastern Germany to fight against the advancing Red Army. In February 1945, the unit was expanded again by Himmler's order and redesignated as the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS. On February 15, Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in action while fighting against Soviet forces near Guben in Brandenburg and sent to the rear. It was his twelfth and final combat injury. Without Dirlewanger's leadership, his unit began to disintegrate despite attempts to reorganize it, virtually ceasing to exist by late April. On 22 April, Dirlewanger himself deserted and went into hiding.

Assessment

Despite being an accomplished soldier who was considered brave, Oskar Dirlewanger is invariably described as an extremely cruel man by historians and researchers. As such, he has been called "a psychopathic killer and child molester" by Steven Zaloga, "a professional killer, fully malefic" by Rhodes, "a sadist and necrophiliac" by Bryan Mark Rigg, "an expert in extermination and a devotee of sadism and necrophilia" by J. Bowyer Bell, and a "sadistic, amoral alcoholic" by Stang.

Lukas described Dirlewanger as "one of those degenerates who, in saner days, would have been court-martialed out of the German army", and "a sadist whose brutality was well known". Nikolaus Wachsmann called him "one of the most odious characters in the pantheon of SS villains". Chris Bishop called Dirlewanger the "most evil man in the SS" leadership as well as "perhaps the most sadistic of all commanders of World War II". Snyder stated that Dirlewanger's force committed more atrocities than any other unit involved in the creation of what the Germans termed the "dead zones" (Tote Zonen) in Belarus, adding that "in all the theaters of the Second World War, few could compete in cruelty with Oskar Dirlewanger". In the words of Tim Heath, Dirlewanger was "a man whom many describe as one of the most evil and depraved figures not only within the Nazi Third Reich, but throughout history itself". Nash similarly called Dirlewanger "one of the most heinous criminals in military history", and Alexandra Richie labeled him as "the very face of evil".

Samuel W. Mitcham Jr described Dirlewanger as "a sexually perverted drunkard who enjoyed performing unnatural acts with the dead bodies of his victims, especially the younger ones." Alan Clark wrote that Dirlewanger's crimes against "Polish girls are hardly printable even today [i.e. 1965], combining as they did the indulgence of both sadism and necrophilia." According to Heath, "Dirlewanger was without any doubt one of the most evil, sadistic and sexually depraved individuals in the Third Reich. His appetite for alcohol, rape, sadism and violence shocked even the most hardline Nazis." Heath, however, expressed skepticism towards the accusations of necrophilia, saying that despite Dirlewanger's career being characterized by "child rape, murder, perversion, sadism and alcoholism," there has been no proven evidence of necrophilia and that "one can only assume that such assumptions are the result of literary fabrication." Nevertheless, he declared Dirlewanger was "a living embodiment of evil and depravity and all the proof that anyone could need that monsters do exist."

Death

Dirlewanger (right) after his arrest by French colonial forces from the 2/5th Moroccan Rifle Regiment

On 7 May 1945, Oskar Dirlewanger was arrested by French occupation zone authorities near the German town of Altshausen in Upper Swabia. At the time of his capture, Dirlewanger was wearing civilian clothes, using a false name, and hiding in a remote hunting lodge. He was recognised by a Polish Jewish former Stary Dzików concentration camp inmate and brought to a nearby detention centre.

Dirlewanger reportedly died around 5–7 June 1945 in a prison camp at Altshausen as a result of ill treatment (officially from natural causes). There are numerous conflicting reports of the nature of his death: the French said that he died of a heart attack and was buried in an unmarked grave; or he was beaten to death by armed Poles, presumably former forced laborers or former French military prisoners (of Polish origin); or Polish soldiers in French service (29^e Groupement d'Infanterie polonaise); or former inmates and prison guards.

According to political scientist Martin A. Lee, as well as historians Angelo de Boca and Mario Giovana, Dirlewanger survived the war and subsequently lived in Egypt tutoring the guards who provided security to the president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Likewise, Benjamin Netanyahu has written that, alongside hundreds of other Nazi officials, Dirlewanger fled to Egypt, where he became a bodyguard to Nasser. Peter Levenda, quoting different sources, believes that following his exile in Egypt he had converted to Islam. These theories and reports were proven false after the exhumation of Dirlewanger's remains in 1960, verifying his death in 1945 as a result of "the brutal torture by Polish guards" (Polnischen Wachmannschaften, otherwise unidentified and still mysterious to this day), yet have continued nevertheless.

Investigation

The rumours about Dirlewanger still being alive circulated around Altshausen and across all of Germany. Althausen's mayor, Franz Sproll, was forced to react, especially since Oskar Stammler, editor-in-chief of Revue, filed a complaint against Dirlewanger. Sproll then requested that the presumed grave where Dirlewanger had been buried be exhumed to prevent public unrest. However, according to Schwäbische Zeitung, the exhumation request was declined by the public prosecutor's office, which stated that it held no significant value. Half a year later, the public prosecutor's office decided to approve the request and had actually been investigating the case since April 1960.

The senior public prosecutor, Zoller, who was investigating the case, visited every gravestone at the Altshausen cemetery, stone by stone, and summoned witness after witness in search of more clues about Dirlewanger's existence. Several of Dirlewanger's siblings, including Paul and Elfriede Dirlewanger, were questioned. They all testified that they had not heard any news from Dirlewanger in over 15 years. Dirlewanger's former dentist, Dr. Kissling, stated that he had fitted Dirlewanger with gold teeth, which would likely be found during the exhumation later. In addition, the public prosecutor's office documented eleven war injuries sustained by Dirlewanger—including an injury to his left hand, a bullet wound to his right foot during World War I, and a gunshot wound to the head in 1921. This information was considered crucial in determining whether the skeletal remains in the grave truly belonged to Dirlewanger. It was later revealed during the exhumation that the skeletal remains had been forcefully placed into the coffin. The skeleton was to be examined by forensic pathologists under the chairmanship of Professor Dr. Weyrich in Freiburg. The team of forensic pathologists conducted a detailed examination of the skeleton over a period of approximately three weeks. In their final report, they stated that, based on comparisons between eyewitness descriptions, documented war injuries, and available photographs with the condition of the exhumed remains, there was strong evidence to conclude that the skeleton recovered from the grave in Altshausen belonged to Oskar Dirlewanger. Archival records suggest that it then remained in the custody of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Freiburg at least until the end of 1962, two years following the exhumation.

Awards and ranks

• Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (28 August 1914) and 1st Class (13 July 1916)
• Wound Badge (1914) in Gold (30 April 1918)
• Spanish Cross of Military Merit (1939)
• Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (24 May 1942) and 1st Class (16 September 1942)
• Wound Badge (1939) in Gold (9 July 1943)
• German Cross in Gold (5 December 1943)
• Close Combat Clasp in bronze (19 March 1944)
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (30 September 1944)
• Bandit-warfare Badge in Silver (1944)

Date of ranks (1940-1945)

SS Ranks	Year
Obersturmführer (lieutanant)	1940
Hauptsturmführer (captain)	1940-1942
Sturmbannführer (major)	1942-1943
Obersturmbannführer (junior colonel)	1943-1944
Standartenführer (colonel)	1944
Oberführer (senior colonel)	1944-1945

Legacy

Wolfsbrigade 44, a German Neo-Nazi group banned by the German government in December 2020, used "44" as code for "DD", short for "Division Dirlewanger".

References

Bibliography

• Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
• Ingrao, Christian (2011). The SS Dirlewanger Brigade – The History of the Black Hunters. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1616084042.
• Kuberski, Hubert (March 2020). "The finale of a war criminal's existence: mysteries surrounding Oskar Dirlewanger's death – Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej". Studia Z Dziejów Rosji I Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 54 (3): 225. doi:10.12775/SDR.2019.EN4.08. S2CID 216260243. Retrieved 23 February 2022., pp. 226–256
• Longerich, Peter (2011). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
• Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• Oskar Dirlewanger www.HolocaustResearchProject.org