Otto von Below
Otto von Below | |
|---|---|
 Otto von Below | |
| Born | 18 January 1857 Danzig, Prussia |
| Died | 15 March 1944 (aged 87) Danzig, Germany |
| Allegiance |  |
| Service/ | Prussian Army |
| Years of service | 1875-1919 |
| Rank | General der Infanterie |
| Commands held |
|
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Pour le Mérite with Oakleaves |
Otto Ernst Vincent Leo von Below (18 January 1857 in Danzig (Gdańsk) – 15 March 1944 also in Danzig (Gdańsk))[1] was a Prussian general in the German Army during the First World War. He was most notable for his victory in the Battle of Caporetto.
Pre war
Before World War I, Otto von Below became Generalmajor in 1909 and Generalleutnant in 1912. He was commanding 2nd Infantry Division immediately prior to the outbreak of war.
World War I
Eastern Front
On 1 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, von Below was given command of I Reserve Corps as part of 8th Army on the Eastern Front.[2] He led his Corps in the Battles of Gumbinnen, Tannenberg and 1st Masurian Lakes. As a result of his success, he was promoted to General der Infanterie[3] at the end of August 1914 and to command of 8th Army at the beginning of November.[4]
He commanded 8th Army in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes (February 1915) and the Army of the Niemen (later renamed 8th Army) in the Courland Offensive (May 1915). His forces advanced into Courland and Lithuania as far as the southern reaches of the Western Dvina River.[1]
Macedonia
In October 1916, von Below was appointed to command of Heeresgruppe Below[5] on the Macedonian Front, consisting of 11th Army and First and Second Bulgarian Armies.[6] In April 1917, he was briefly sent to the Western Front to command 6th Army[7] around Lille.[8]
Italy
Below next served on the Italian Front from September 1917. Commanding the Austro-German 14th Army[9] (7 German and 10 Austro-Hungarian Divisions) in the Battle of Caporetto, he was able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian army, which had practically no mobile reserves. The battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier. The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army.[10] A breakdown in German logistics brought the battle to a close on the line of the Piave River and the front soon froze again in trench warfare.
Western Front
If February 1918, von Below was brought back to the Western Front to command the newly-formed 17th Army[9] for the Kaiserschlacht Offensive. Below was expected to overrun Arras during March 1918 in a repeat of Caporetto; his inability to do so led to the failure of the German campaign to capture the Somme that same month.[8] Attacking the stronger, better prepared British 3rd Army, he had less success than forces further south facing the British 5th Army.
Below briefly commanded 1st Army.[11] Shortly before war's end, von Below was involved in preparations for a possible final battle on German territory (Home Defense Forces West).[3]
Awards
Below was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 16 February 1915 "for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning and successful operations", and the Oakleaves (signifying a second award) on 27 April 1917.[12] In addition to the Pour le Mérite, von Below was also awarded the Order of the Black Eagle on 1 November 1917.[3]
Post-war
Below retired in 1919. A post-war attempt by the Allies to try him as war criminal failed.[3] Otto von Below died on 9 March 1944 in Danzig.
Family
Below was the cousin of Fritz von Below, another German commander during the war. The two Generals are often confused.
References
- ^ a b
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Cron 2002, pp. 322–326
- ^ a b c d "Below biography on The Prussian Machine". Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ Cron 2002, p. 395
- ^ Heeresgruppe or Army Group in the sense of a number of armies under a single commander.
- ^ Cron 2002, p. 60
- ^ Cron 2002, p. 394
- ^ a b "Who's Who Fritz von Below". Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ a b Cron 2002, p. 398
- ^ Seth 1965, p. 147
- ^ Cron 2002, p. 392
- ^ "Orden Pour le Mérite". Retrieved 2 November 2012.
External links
Bibliography
- Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. ISBN 1-874622-70-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Seth, Ronald (1965). Caporetto: The Scapegoat Battle. Macdonald.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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