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Ouki is an ancient lake in the Bolivian Altiplano. Its existence was postulated in 2006 by a group of scientists which had subdivided the Lake Minchin lake cycle in several subcycles. The Lake Minchin cycle had been previously identified in 1904 as a now disappeared lake in the central Altiplano.[1] Sediments attributed to Lake Minchin may be part of Ouki instead. The dating is uncertain, with radiocarbon and uranium-thorium dating yielding different dates spanning the time between 28,200 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. Its existence has been the subject of controversy, with a 2011 publication claiming that the lake did not exist outside of the Lake Poopo basin. The formation of Ouki is associated with a major glaciation and was probably caused by increased precipitation, which has also been observed elsewhere.

General characteristics

Ouki reached a water level of approximately 3,735 metres (12,254 ft),[2] and it may have covered the Salar de Uyuni, the Salar de Coipasa and the Lake Poopo area,[3] although the Uyuni and Coipasa basins may have been filled by a separate lake Salinas instead.[4] Estimates of the surface area depend on the assumed lake levels and whether the lake only covered the Lake Poopo basin or also the Uyuni/Coipasa basins and thus ranges 10,400–46,500 square kilometres (4,000–18,000 sq mi).[5]

The Ouki lake is one of the so-called deep lake cycles along with Lake Tauca, from which it is separated by a period where water levels dropped below 3,700 metres (12,100 ft). It has left characteristic tufa deposits which have shapes of inverted cones.[6] The depth of the lake did not exceed c. 80 metres (260 ft). The subsequent Salinas lake cycle may simply be a shrinking stage of the Ouki lake.[7] Likewise, the existence Lake Minchin may be in part based on misattributing deposits left by Ouki.[2] The Ouki lake cycle itself may be subdivided in individual phases in the future.[8]

The Ouki lake was populated by species such as Pisidium bivalves, ostracodes and the Biomphalaria andecola snail.[9] Waters had a high concentration of Template:Strontium,[10] and while one model inferred from strontium isotope data assumes that most of the Ouki water was contributed by the Poopo basin, another assumes a 69% contribution by waters from Lake Titicaca.[11] Waters from the Poopo basin would have spilled into the Uyuni/Coipasa basin.[12] The drying of the lake left deposits containing amphibole, illite, plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, kaolinite, pyroxene, quartz and smectite.[13]

Dating

Various radiometric dates have been obtained for the Ouki paleolake from tufa, wood and fossils of Bulimulidae and Littoridina,[6] mostly within the basin of Lake Poopo.[8] There is noticeable disagreement between radiometric dates obtained by uranium-thorium dating and dates obtained by radiocarbon dating. The former yield ages ranging between 120,000 and 98,000 years ago. The latter produce ages between 45,200 and 28,200 years ago. Radiocarbon dates of such old samples can easily suffer from contamination by modern carbon, creating spuriously young ages.[14] The uranium-thorium dates range between 96,740 ±5,560 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. The exact lake level history is poorly known,[9] but between 115,000 and 100,000 years ago the water was higher than 3,720 metres (12,200 ft).[7] Some lake level changes coincide with cold periods in the North Atlantic.[15] Alternatively, if radiocarbon dates of 44,609 ± 927 to 33,422 ± 1937 are attributed to Ouki, sediments in the Uyuni basin attributed to Lake Minchin would instead belong to Ouki.[16]

Context

Its formation may have been caused by an increase of precipitation,[17] and may be further associated with changes in the position of the ITCZ and La Nina like conditions.[18] The increase of precipitation may have amounted to 50–100%.[19]

The Ouki lake cycle occurred during a major glaciation,[18] as well as at a time of low summer insolation in the southern hemisphere.[15] Lake levels in Lake Huinaymarca, the southern basin of Lake Tauca, were low during the Ouki period.[20] Sediments in the Majes River valley indicate humid conditions during the Ouki period,[21] as do lake level records in the Atacama.[22] The humid period in Peru during the Ouki phase may be associated with several large landslides which have been identified there.[23]

Controversy

The existence of this lake was questioned however in 2011, based on the lack of evidence for such a lake in drill cores of Salar de Uyuni,[24] and it is indeed unknown whether the Poopo basin lake extended to the Uyuni/Coipasa basins as well,[4] also considering that the sill separating the Poopo and Uyuni/Coipasa basins may not have been breached until 80,000–60,000 years ago.[25] In 2013, it was suggested that the "L4" lacustrine stage, which has been identified in drill cores taken from Salar de Uyuni, may be the Ouki/Salinas lake phase.[26]

References

  1. ^ Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 40.
  2. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 528.
  3. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 240.
  4. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 242.
  5. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 103.
  6. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 520.
  7. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 523.
  8. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 233.
  9. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 521.
  10. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 236.
  11. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 239.
  12. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 241.
  13. ^ Placzek et al. 2006, p. 11.
  14. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 518.
  15. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 106.
  16. ^ Gosling et al. 2008, pp. 45–46.
  17. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 530.
  18. ^ a b Zech, Jana; Zech, Roland; Kubik, Peter W.; Veit, Heinz (December 2009). "Glacier and climate reconstruction at Tres Lagunas, NW Argentina, based on 10Be surface exposure dating and lake sediment analyses". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 284 (3–4): 187. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.023.
  19. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 104.
  20. ^ Gosling et al. 2008, p. 45.
  21. ^ Steffen, Damian; Schlunegger, Fritz; Preusser, Frank (15 November 2009). "Late Pleistocene fans and terraces in the Majes valley, southern Peru, and their relation to climatic variations". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 99 (8): 1975–1989. doi:10.1007/s00531-009-0489-2.
  22. ^ Sáez, Alberto; Cabrera, Lluís; Garcés, Miguel; Bogaard, Paul van den; Jensen, Arturo; Gimeno, Domingo (November 2012). "The stratigraphic record of changing hyperaridity in the Atacama desert over the last 10Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 355–356: 36. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.029.
  23. ^ Schildgen, Taylor F.; Robinson, Ruth A. J.; Savi, Sara; Phillips, William M.; Spencer, Joel Q. G.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Scherler, Dirk; Tofelde, Stefanie; Alonso, Ricardo N.; Kubik, Peter W.; Binnie, Steven A.; Strecker, Manfred R. (February 2016). "Landscape response to late Pleistocene climate change in NW Argentina: Sediment flux modulated by basin geometry and connectivity". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 121 (2): 393. doi:10.1002/2015JF003607.
  24. ^ Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Bush, Mark B.; Gosling, William D.; Collins, Aaron; Knox, Christopher; Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sheri C. (May 2011). "A 370,000-year record of vegetation and fire history around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 305 (1–4): 202. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.002.
  25. ^ Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 41.
  26. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 101.

Sources

  • Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sherilyn C. (September 2015). "Nature and causes of Quaternary climate variation of tropical South America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 124: 31–47. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.011. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gosling, William D.; Bush, Mark B.; Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Chepstow-Lusty, Alex (March 2008). "Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture balance and the impact on vegetation in the southern hemisphere tropical Andes (Bolivia/Peru)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 259 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.050. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Placzek, C.; Quade, J.; Patchett, P. J. (8 May 2006). "Geochronology and stratigraphy of late Pleistocene lake cycles on the southern Bolivian Altiplano: Implications for causes of tropical climate change". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118 (5–6): 515–532. doi:10.1130/B25770.1. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Placzek, Christa; Patchett, P. Jonathan; Quade, Jay; Wagner, Jennifer D. M. (May 2006). "Strategies for successful U-Th dating of paleolake carbonates: An example from the Bolivian Altiplano". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 7 (5): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2005GC001157. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Placzek, Christa J.; Quade, Jay; Patchett, P. Jonathan (January 2011). "Isotopic tracers of paleohydrologic change in large lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano". Quaternary Research. 75 (1): 231–244. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.004. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Placzek, C.J.; Quade, J.; Patchett, P.J. (February 2013). "A 130ka reconstruction of rainfall on the Bolivian Altiplano". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 363: 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.017. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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